Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

11,118
lessons
Skills in this topic
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ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data

Showing 534 reads from curated sources

Customer Segmentation in Machine Learning: Grouping Customers to Drive Smarter Business Decisions
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Customer Segmentation in Machine Learning: Grouping Customers to Drive Smarter Business Decisions
Last week, we completed the marketing attribution series by implementing a Markov chain model to assign channel credit. Continue reading on Medium »
I Tried Predicting Stocks for 10 Years: Reality is Brutal!
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
I Tried Predicting Stocks for 10 Years: Reality is Brutal!
Plus, I simulated a $10,000 investment using naive and advanced strategies Continue reading on Code Like A Girl »
The Full Stack Is One Layer Deeper. You’ve Been Building It.
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
The Full Stack Is One Layer Deeper. You’ve Been Building It.
In 2015, Mathias Biilmann was building Netlify and kept running into the same problem: engineers were doing something that had no name… Continue reading on Medi
Neural Networks and Evolution Strategies for Trading Signals
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Neural Networks and Evolution Strategies for Trading Signals
Neural networks and evolution strategies are two important ideas in machine learning. One is a model, and the other is a way to optimize a… Continue reading on
Neural Networks and Evolution Strategies for Trading Signals
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Neural Networks and Evolution Strategies for Trading Signals
Neural networks and evolution strategies are two important ideas in machine learning. One is a model, and the other is a way to optimize a… Continue reading on
Synthetic Identity Engineering: The Missing Layer in AI Training Data
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Synthetic Identity Engineering: The Missing Layer in AI Training Data
There’s a concept we’ve started using internally that doesn’t seem to exist yet in the standard vocabulary of AI development. Continue reading on Medium »
The Gap Between Kaggle and Real-World Data Science
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
The Gap Between Kaggle and Real-World Data Science
But then you step into a real-world project — and everything changes. Continue reading on Medium »
’    ……
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
’ ……
What if a machine could look at a name like “Priya” or “Rahul” and instantly guess whether it’s male or female? Continue reading on Medium »
How I Made My First $100 Using Machine Learning (Step-by-Step Guide)
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
How I Made My First $100 Using Machine Learning (Step-by-Step Guide)
Learn how I made my first $100 using machine learning with simple tools and beginner-friendly steps. Start your AI earning journey today. Continue reading on Me
Deep Learning Roadmap
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Deep Learning Roadmap
Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners Continue reading on Write A Catalyst »
Types of Machine Learning: Learning Styles, But Make It Fashion
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Types of Machine Learning: Learning Styles, But Make It Fashion
If machine learning felt confusing at first, “types of machine learning” probably didn’t make it easier. Continue reading on Medium »
Types of Machine Learning: Learning Styles, But Make It Fashion
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Types of Machine Learning: Learning Styles, But Make It Fashion
If machine learning felt confusing at first, “types of machine learning” probably didn’t make it easier. Continue reading on Medium »
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Introduction to Machine Learning & Data Science
Continue reading on Medium »
What does AI observe and respond to?
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
What does AI observe and respond to?
AI doesn’t directly see reality. It builds a view of it through data, assumptions, and modeling choices. This means every model is shaped… Continue reading on M
Pharos Network and Hong Kong University Are Quietly Building the Next Layer of On-Chain Forecasting
Hackernoon 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Pharos Network and Hong Kong University Are Quietly Building the Next Layer of On-Chain Forecasting
Pharos Network, the Layer 1 chain founded by former Ant Group leadership, has signed a Capstone research collaboration with the HKU-SCF FinTech Academy at the U
Scikit-learn (sklearn):
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Scikit-learn (sklearn):
The Ultimate Beginner-to-Advanced Guide for Machine Learning Continue reading on Medium »
Scikit-learn (sklearn):
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Scikit-learn (sklearn):
The Ultimate Beginner-to-Advanced Guide for Machine Learning Continue reading on Medium »
8 Python Skills I Learned the Hard Way (So You Don’t Have To)
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
8 Python Skills I Learned the Hard Way (So You Don’t Have To)
Build smarter Python automation systems that actually scale, fail gracefully, and save hours every week. Continue reading on Medium »
8 Python Skills I Learned the Hard Way (So You Don’t Have To)
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
8 Python Skills I Learned the Hard Way (So You Don’t Have To)
Build smarter Python automation systems that actually scale, fail gracefully, and save hours every week. Continue reading on Top Python Libraries »
30x Faster Alpha Factor Mining: The GPU Edge Every Quant Needs
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
30x Faster Alpha Factor Mining: The GPU Edge Every Quant Needs
Factor discovery is the process of analyzing large amounts of data to identify key factors influencing asset price fluctuations… Continue reading on Medium »
AI Model Evals in 2025: Why MMLU Is Dead and What Replaces It
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
AI Model Evals in 2025: Why MMLU Is Dead and What Replaces It
For years, MMLU was the benchmark. If a research paper or product announcement wanted to prove a model was smart, MMLU scores were front… Continue reading on Me
AI Model Evals in 2025: Why MMLU Is Dead and What Replaces It
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
AI Model Evals in 2025: Why MMLU Is Dead and What Replaces It
For years, MMLU was the benchmark. If a research paper or product announcement wanted to prove a model was smart, MMLU scores were front… Continue reading on Me
What If You Could Predict Decisions Before Making Them?
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
What If You Could Predict Decisions Before Making Them?
What if you could test a decision before actually making it? Continue reading on Medium »
From Lectures to a Book: Building a Reliable Diarized Transcription System
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
From Lectures to a Book: Building a Reliable Diarized Transcription System
There’s a certain kind of problem that doesn’t look like a problem at first. Continue reading on Medium »
Data Annotation Tech
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Data Annotation Tech
Data annotation is essential for training AI and machine learning models by labeling raw data like images, text, and audio to help… Continue reading on Medium »
ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Enhancing Clustering: An Explainable Approach via Filtered Patterns
arXiv:2604.12460v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Machine learning has become a central research area, with increasing attention devoted to explainable clustering
ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Bilevel Late Acceptance Hill Climbing for the Electric Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem
arXiv:2604.13013v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This paper tackles the Electric Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (E-CVRP) through a bilevel optimization fram
How to See Inside Your AI Model in 3 Lines of Python
Dev.to · Chris Stafford 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
How to See Inside Your AI Model in 3 Lines of Python
I built a tool that makes any PyTorch model inspectable with one line of code. No retraining, no...
AI and Machine Learning in High Throughput Screening: The End of Blind Drug Discovery
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
AI and Machine Learning in High Throughput Screening: The End of Blind Drug Discovery
How algorithms replaced brute force and started designing tomorrow’s medicines today Continue reading on Data Science Collective »
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Motivation Taking Data Analyze Using Machine Learning Course
Hello guys, My name is Olvandri Nouva Pratama with Student ID 10223033 from Pyshics Departement, Institut Teknologi Bandung.I am the third… Continue reading on
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Part 1: Lambdas, Map, Filter, and Comprehensions
The Python Concepts I Used to Fear: Lambdas, Map, Filter, and Comprehensions Continue reading on Medium »
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Part 1: Lambdas, Map, Filter, and Comprehensions
The Python Concepts I Used to Fear: Lambdas, Map, Filter, and Comprehensions Continue reading on Medium »
Why Changing a Regression Model Changes the Projection
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why Changing a Regression Model Changes the Projection
Keeping the data fixed, we compare three least-squares models to show how changing the model changes the subspace — and therefore changes… Continue reading on G
Why Changing a Regression Model Changes the Projection
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why Changing a Regression Model Changes the Projection
Keeping the data fixed, we compare three least-squares models to show how changing the model changes the subspace — and therefore changes… Continue reading on G
Why High Accuracy Doesn’t Mean Your Product Is Better
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why High Accuracy Doesn’t Mean Your Product Is Better
When model improvements don’t translate into real user impact Continue reading on Medium »
The Rabbit Hole that is Model Quantization
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
The Rabbit Hole that is Model Quantization
I love rabbit holes and this is my motivation. Continue reading on Medium »
Why Learn Machine Learning in the Age of AI
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why Learn Machine Learning in the Age of AI
Why Learn Machine in the Age of AI Continue reading on Medium »
Why AI starts with simple math, not magic
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why AI starts with simple math, not magic
Before neural networks, LLMs, and all the hype, AI begins with patterns, statistics, and optimization. Continue reading on Medium »
Why AI starts with simple math, not magic
Medium · LLM 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why AI starts with simple math, not magic
Before neural networks, LLMs, and all the hype, AI begins with patterns, statistics, and optimization. Continue reading on Medium »
A Quantum-Computational Model of High-Dimensional Cognitive Processing:
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
A Quantum-Computational Model of High-Dimensional Cognitive Processing:
Superposition, Entanglement, and Topology in Human Reasoning Architecture Continue reading on Activated Thinker »
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Why Build a Local MCP Server (And How to Do It in 15 Minutes)
I've been working with MCP servers for a few months now. If you're not familiar, MCP (Model Context Protocol) is Anthropic's open standard for connecting AI mod
How I Drove +32% Revenue Using Machine Learning Targeting (While Keeping Spend Flat)
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
How I Drove +32% Revenue Using Machine Learning Targeting (While Keeping Spend Flat)
Context A large Canadian charitable lottery organization was experiencing declining ticket sales across multiple consecutive draws. Continue reading on Medium »
Iterable vs Iterator: The Critical Distinction Most Python Developers Get Wrong
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Iterable vs Iterator: The Critical Distinction Most Python Developers Get Wrong
Why making a class its own iterator silently breaks every loop after the first one Continue reading on Medium »
AWS Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Use-case based deployments on SageMaker JumpStart
We're excited to announce the launch of Amazon SageMaker JumpStart optimized deployments. SageMaker JumpStart improved deployments address the need for rich and
AWS Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Best practices to run inference on Amazon SageMaker HyperPod
This post explores how Amazon SageMaker HyperPod provides a comprehensive solution for inference workloads. We walk you through the platform’s key capabilities
AWS Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
How Guidesly built AI-generated trip reports for outdoor guides on AWS
In this post, we walk through how Guidesly built Jack AI on AWS using AWS Lambda, AWS Step Functions, Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon Relation
Understanding the Machine Learning Pipeline: A Beginner-Friendly Guide
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Understanding the Machine Learning Pipeline: A Beginner-Friendly Guide
In this article, I present a comprehensive overview of the ML pipeline and explore Supervised Learning, one of the most fundamental… Continue reading on Medium
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
Day 8/60: Building ML Training Infrastructure (And Hitting Walls)
Experiment tracking, model versioning, checkpointing, cross-validation. The infrastructure that makes ML reproducible. Plus the bugs that… Continue reading on M