Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

11,116
lessons
Skills in this topic
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ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Why Cross-Entropy Beats MSE in Classification (And What My Loss Landscapes Taught Me)
When I first started learning machine learning, one question kept coming up: Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Cybersecurity 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Why Cross-Entropy Beats MSE in Classification (And What My Loss Landscapes Taught Me)
When I first started learning machine learning, one question kept coming up: Continue reading on Medium »
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I Built a Trading Bot That Watches the Markets While B. Sleeps
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
I Built a Trading Bot That Watches the Markets While B. Sleeps
A six-phase build, a phantom bug, a silent crash, and 16 real trades later — we’re still finding out. Continue reading on Medium »
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Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
How Quantum Computers Work (Simple Beginner Guide 2026)
🚀 How Quantum Computers Work (Simple Beginner Guide) Quantum computing is one of the most exciting technologies in 2026. But for beginners, it often feels conf
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From VGG16 to EfficientNetB1: What I Learned Building a Medical AI Tool as a Student
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
From VGG16 to EfficientNetB1: What I Learned Building a Medical AI Tool as a Student
My first version of X-Pathology had a 99.9% confidence problem. Continue reading on Medium »
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Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Transitioning from a pre-medical background to Electrical Engineering at NUST taught me one thing: Math is the universal language of logic… Continue reading on
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Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Transitioning from a pre-medical background to Electrical Engineering at NUST taught me one thing: Math is the universal language of logic… Continue reading on
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Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Medium · NLP 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Transitioning from a pre-medical background to Electrical Engineering at NUST taught me one thing: Math is the universal language of logic… Continue reading on
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Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for: Continue reading on Medium »
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Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for: Continue reading on Medium »
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Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for: Continue reading on Medium »
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Python Programming summer internship for freshers in India
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Python Programming summer internship for freshers in India
A Python programming summer internship for freshers is one of the smartest ways to kick-start a tech career. These internships give… Continue reading on Medium
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“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
“Understand arrays, vectorization, and why NumPy is essential for fast numerical computing.” Continue reading on Medium »
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“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
“Understand arrays, vectorization, and why NumPy is essential for fast numerical computing.” Continue reading on Medium »
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“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
“Understand arrays, vectorization, and why NumPy is essential for fast numerical computing.” Continue reading on Medium »
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Your F1 Score Is Lying to You
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Your F1 Score Is Lying to You
Why traditional ML metrics fall apart for LLMs and why chasing the “balanced” metric might be the worst thing you do for your model. Continue reading on Medium
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From Task Lists to AI Decisions: Building an AI-Powered Task Prioritization System
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
From Task Lists to AI Decisions: Building an AI-Powered Task Prioritization System
Most task management tools today are still manual. Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Day 9 Part 3: Three Models, One Interface, Production Ready
After optimization and research, built the complete trainer system. XGBoost, LightGBM, RandomForest — all using the same pipeline, all… Continue reading on Medi
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Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Build better ML monitoring by organizing metrics the way production failures actually emerge. Continue reading on Medium »
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Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Build better ML monitoring by organizing metrics the way production failures actually emerge. Continue reading on Medium »
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Stop Waiting for CSVs: Why I Ripped Out My Queued Scraper and Saved 5 Seconds of AI Latency
Medium · SEO 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Stop Waiting for CSVs: Why I Ripped Out My Queued Scraper and Saved 5 Seconds of AI Latency
Let’s travel back in time to 2019. Back then, if you wanted to scrape 10,000 Google Maps listings or a massive list of SERP results, you… Continue reading on Me
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Enhancing AI-Powered Agriculture with Fruit Level & Maturity Detection
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Enhancing AI-Powered Agriculture with Fruit Level & Maturity Detection
Artificial Intelligence is transforming agriculture in remarkable ways. From smart irrigation systems to automated harvesting, AI is… Continue reading on Medium
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Prime Spiral Cosmology and the 24-Dimensional Leech Lattice A Dual-Universe Model via Modular…
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Prime Spiral Cosmology and the 24-Dimensional Leech Lattice A Dual-Universe Model via Modular…
Continue reading on Medium »
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Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Decision Trees are often the first algorithm people truly understand in machine learning. Unlike black-box models, they show you exactly… Continue reading on Me
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Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Decision Trees are often the first algorithm people truly understand in machine learning. Unlike black-box models, they show you exactly… Continue reading on Me
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Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
A comparative analysis of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Neural Networks on structured tabular data. Continue reading on Medium »
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Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
A comparative analysis of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Neural Networks on structured tabular data. Continue reading on Medium »
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Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
A comparative analysis of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Neural Networks on structured tabular data. Continue reading on Medium »
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Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
So far, we’ve talked about: 1. what machine learning is 2. how models learn Continue reading on Medium »
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Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
So far, we’ve talked about: 1. what machine learning is 2. how models learn Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
How to Train CNNs Properly: Data Augmentation, Preprocessing, and Batch Normalization as One System
A complete deep dive into data processing and normalization techniques for stable CNN training and strong generalization performance Continue reading on Medium
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Linear Perturbation Theory in the Dual Sheet Model: The Radion Kernel, Vainshtein Screening, and…
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Linear Perturbation Theory in the Dual Sheet Model: The Radion Kernel, Vainshtein Screening, and…
Matthew Hodgkins Continue reading on Medium »
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Fuzzy Association Rule Mining
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Fuzzy Association Rule Mining
Discover how fuzzy logic makes association rule mining more realistic and powerful for real-world data. Continue reading on Medium »
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What We Learned Teaching a Machine to Pick NBA Winners
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
What We Learned Teaching a Machine to Pick NBA Winners
There’s a line from Casino that lives in my head rent-free: Sam “Ace” Rothstein, played by Robert De Niro, explains that he was “the best… Continue reading on M
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AWS Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Introducing granular cost attribution for Amazon Bedrock
In this post, we share how Amazon Bedrock's granular cost attribution works and walk through example cost tracking scenarios.
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I Built a Full-Stack NYC Neighborhood Intelligence App
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
I Built a Full-Stack NYC Neighborhood Intelligence App
From 1.35 million raw 311 complaints to a live ML-powered dashboard with SHAP explainability — in five phases Continue reading on Medium »
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The Death of RLHF: A Practitioner’s Guide to the New Post-Training Stack
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Death of RLHF: A Practitioner’s Guide to the New Post-Training Stack
GRPO, DAPO, and RLVR didn’t just improve on RLHF — they replaced it. Here’s why the old recipe broke, and what’s actually shipping now. Continue reading on Towa
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The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
An investigation into the silent epidemic killing our best work Continue reading on Medium »
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The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
An investigation into the silent epidemic killing our best work Continue reading on Medium »
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The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
An investigation into the silent epidemic killing our best work Continue reading on Medium »
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CCA-001 Study Guide: How to Pass the Claude Certified Architect Exam
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
CCA-001 Study Guide: How to Pass the Claude Certified Architect Exam
The exact exam structure, all five domains with weightings, the six production scenarios, the concepts that trip most candidates, and the… Continue reading on M
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Online feature serving on Databricks Lakebase
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Online feature serving on Databricks Lakebase
Disclaimer: These are my personal views, not those of Databricks. Continue reading on Medium »
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Open-Sourcing the Universe’s Code: Factorized Machine Learning Finds the Geometry High-k…
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Open-Sourcing the Universe’s Code: Factorized Machine Learning Finds the Geometry High-k…
Fundamental Density Theory (FDT): Dragging Physics Kicking and Screaming Out of a Century-Long Rabbit Hole and Back to Reality. Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Week 2, episode 3 — Smarter Model Training: A Python Bootcamp Playbook
Learn the secrets of optimizers, schedulers, and regularization to dramatically improve your deep learning model performance. Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Week 2, episode 4 — Stop Chasing Accuracy: The Python Bootcamp Guide to Trustworthy AI
Learn the vital data science concepts — calibration and uncertainty — that are often missed in a typical curriculum. Continue reading on Medium »
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Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Week 2, episode 3 — Smarter Model Training: A Python Bootcamp Playbook
Learn the secrets of optimizers, schedulers, and regularization to dramatically improve your deep learning model performance. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Week 2, episode 4 — Stop Chasing Accuracy: The Python Bootcamp Guide to Trustworthy AI
Learn the vital data science concepts — calibration and uncertainty — that are often missed in a typical curriculum. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Week 2, episode 3 — Smarter Model Training: A Python Bootcamp Playbook
Learn the secrets of optimizers, schedulers, and regularization to dramatically improve your deep learning model performance. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist