Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

11,124
lessons
Skills in this topic
View full skill map →
ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data
Videos 10,585 Reads 539

Showing 539 reads from curated sources

Level: All Beginner Intermediate Advanced
Newest Popular Oldest
Day 29: Polynomial Regression — Capturing Non-Linear Relationships
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Day 29: Polynomial Regression — Capturing Non-Linear Relationships
After understanding Linear Regression, which works well for straight-line relationships, the next step is to explore how machine learning… Continue reading on M
View lesson → + Playlist
When You Can’t See the Confounder: Instrumental Variables (Part 4)
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
When You Can’t See the Confounder: Instrumental Variables (Part 4)
This is Part 4 of a series on causal inference. Parts 1–3 covered the core workflow: define the causal question, draw the DAG, and… Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
10 Must-Know Programming Concepts for Future Developers.
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
10 Must-Know Programming Concepts for Future Developers.
Ten must-know programming concepts for developers include algorithms, data structures, AI, security, scalability, and debugging. Continue reading on CodeToDeplo
View lesson → + Playlist
Every GPU Hour Has an Opportunity Cost Now: How Compute Allocation Became the AI Valuation Game
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Every GPU Hour Has an Opportunity Cost Now: How Compute Allocation Became the AI Valuation Game
From Marginal Cost to Opportunity Cost Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
How AI and ML solutions are finally making legacy data migration a solved problem
The migration debt that is quietly blocking enterprise AI ambitions Across the United States, Global 2000 enterprises are under board-level pressure to move tow
View lesson → + Playlist
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Functions: Stop Writing the Same Code Twice
You have written the same print(f"Hello, {name}!") line three times in your code already. Not a big deal with one line. But what happens when the thing you keep
View lesson → + Playlist
Shocking Reasons Advanced AI Models Fail
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Shocking Reasons Advanced AI Models Fail
Continue reading on AI Simplified in Plain English »
View lesson → + Playlist
The Quantum Apocalypse is coming…but not in the way you think
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Quantum Apocalypse is coming…but not in the way you think
If you’ve spent any time scrolling through tech news lately, you’ve probably seen the headlines. Quantum computing is usually portrayed as… Continue reading on
View lesson → + Playlist
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Why Cross-Entropy Beats MSE in Classification (And What My Loss Landscapes Taught Me)
When I first started learning machine learning, one question kept coming up: Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Medium · Cybersecurity 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Why Cross-Entropy Beats MSE in Classification (And What My Loss Landscapes Taught Me)
When I first started learning machine learning, one question kept coming up: Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
I Built a Trading Bot That Watches the Markets While B. Sleeps
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
I Built a Trading Bot That Watches the Markets While B. Sleeps
A six-phase build, a phantom bug, a silent crash, and 16 real trades later — we’re still finding out. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
How Quantum Computers Work (Simple Beginner Guide 2026)
🚀 How Quantum Computers Work (Simple Beginner Guide) Quantum computing is one of the most exciting technologies in 2026. But for beginners, it often feels conf
View lesson → + Playlist
From VGG16 to EfficientNetB1: What I Learned Building a Medical AI Tool as a Student
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
From VGG16 to EfficientNetB1: What I Learned Building a Medical AI Tool as a Student
My first version of X-Pathology had a 99.9% confidence problem. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Transitioning from a pre-medical background to Electrical Engineering at NUST taught me one thing: Math is the universal language of logic… Continue reading on
View lesson → + Playlist
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Transitioning from a pre-medical background to Electrical Engineering at NUST taught me one thing: Math is the universal language of logic… Continue reading on
View lesson → + Playlist
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Medium · NLP 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Building a Movie Recommender System: A Journey from Pre-Med to ML
Transitioning from a pre-medical background to Electrical Engineering at NUST taught me one thing: Math is the universal language of logic… Continue reading on
View lesson → + Playlist
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for: Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for: Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Understanding Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for: Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Python Programming summer internship for freshers in India
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Python Programming summer internship for freshers in India
A Python programming summer internship for freshers is one of the smartest ways to kick-start a tech career. These internships give… Continue reading on Medium
View lesson → + Playlist
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
“Understand arrays, vectorization, and why NumPy is essential for fast numerical computing.” Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
“Understand arrays, vectorization, and why NumPy is essential for fast numerical computing.” Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
“Lets ’s Learn NumPy: From basics to powerful Array in Python”
“Understand arrays, vectorization, and why NumPy is essential for fast numerical computing.” Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Your F1 Score Is Lying to You
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Your F1 Score Is Lying to You
Why traditional ML metrics fall apart for LLMs and why chasing the “balanced” metric might be the worst thing you do for your model. Continue reading on Medium
View lesson → + Playlist
From Task Lists to AI Decisions: Building an AI-Powered Task Prioritization System
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
From Task Lists to AI Decisions: Building an AI-Powered Task Prioritization System
Most task management tools today are still manual. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Day 9 Part 3: Three Models, One Interface, Production Ready
After optimization and research, built the complete trainer system. XGBoost, LightGBM, RandomForest — all using the same pipeline, all… Continue reading on Medi
View lesson → + Playlist
Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Build better ML monitoring by organizing metrics the way production failures actually emerge. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Your Metric Taxonomy Picks Your Late ML Fires
Build better ML monitoring by organizing metrics the way production failures actually emerge. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Stop Waiting for CSVs: Why I Ripped Out My Queued Scraper and Saved 5 Seconds of AI Latency
Medium · SEO 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Stop Waiting for CSVs: Why I Ripped Out My Queued Scraper and Saved 5 Seconds of AI Latency
Let’s travel back in time to 2019. Back then, if you wanted to scrape 10,000 Google Maps listings or a massive list of SERP results, you… Continue reading on Me
View lesson → + Playlist
Enhancing AI-Powered Agriculture with Fruit Level & Maturity Detection
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Enhancing AI-Powered Agriculture with Fruit Level & Maturity Detection
Artificial Intelligence is transforming agriculture in remarkable ways. From smart irrigation systems to automated harvesting, AI is… Continue reading on Medium
View lesson → + Playlist
Prime Spiral Cosmology and the 24-Dimensional Leech Lattice A Dual-Universe Model via Modular…
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Prime Spiral Cosmology and the 24-Dimensional Leech Lattice A Dual-Universe Model via Modular…
Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Decision Trees are often the first algorithm people truly understand in machine learning. Unlike black-box models, they show you exactly… Continue reading on Me
View lesson → + Playlist
Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Decision Trees — ID3 Algorithm
Decision Trees are often the first algorithm people truly understand in machine learning. Unlike black-box models, they show you exactly… Continue reading on Me
View lesson → + Playlist
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
A comparative analysis of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Neural Networks on structured tabular data. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
A comparative analysis of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Neural Networks on structured tabular data. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Which Machine Learning Model Works Best for Binary Classification? A Real-World Benchmark Study
A comparative analysis of Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Neural Networks on structured tabular data. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
So far, we’ve talked about: 1. what machine learning is 2. how models learn Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Machine Learning Tasks: Same Data, Different Outcomes
So far, we’ve talked about: 1. what machine learning is 2. how models learn Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
How to Train CNNs Properly: Data Augmentation, Preprocessing, and Batch Normalization as One System
A complete deep dive into data processing and normalization techniques for stable CNN training and strong generalization performance Continue reading on Medium
View lesson → + Playlist
Linear Perturbation Theory in the Dual Sheet Model: The Radion Kernel, Vainshtein Screening, and…
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Linear Perturbation Theory in the Dual Sheet Model: The Radion Kernel, Vainshtein Screening, and…
Matthew Hodgkins Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
Fuzzy Association Rule Mining
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Fuzzy Association Rule Mining
Discover how fuzzy logic makes association rule mining more realistic and powerful for real-world data. Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
What We Learned Teaching a Machine to Pick NBA Winners
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
What We Learned Teaching a Machine to Pick NBA Winners
There’s a line from Casino that lives in my head rent-free: Sam “Ace” Rothstein, played by Robert De Niro, explains that he was “the best… Continue reading on M
View lesson → + Playlist
AWS Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Introducing granular cost attribution for Amazon Bedrock
In this post, we share how Amazon Bedrock's granular cost attribution works and walk through example cost tracking scenarios.
View lesson → + Playlist
I Built a Full-Stack NYC Neighborhood Intelligence App
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
I Built a Full-Stack NYC Neighborhood Intelligence App
From 1.35 million raw 311 complaints to a live ML-powered dashboard with SHAP explainability — in five phases Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
The Death of RLHF: A Practitioner’s Guide to the New Post-Training Stack
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Death of RLHF: A Practitioner’s Guide to the New Post-Training Stack
GRPO, DAPO, and RLVR didn’t just improve on RLHF — they replaced it. Here’s why the old recipe broke, and what’s actually shipping now. Continue reading on Towa
View lesson → + Playlist
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
An investigation into the silent epidemic killing our best work Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
An investigation into the silent epidemic killing our best work Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
The Graveyard of Models: Why 87% of ML Models Never Reach Production
An investigation into the silent epidemic killing our best work Continue reading on Medium »
View lesson → + Playlist