SQL Full Course 2026 [FREE] | SQL Tutorial For Beginners | SQL Training For Beginners | Simplilearn

Key Takeaways

Every application that you use today, whether it's a website, mobile app, or a business dashboard, stores its data somewhere. And that somewhere is usually a database. Welcome to the SQL training course where you will learn how to talk to databases using SQL. In this course, we won't just learn commands by heart. Instead, we'll understand how data is stored, how databases are designed, and how SQL is used in real world systems. You'll move step by step from basic database concepts to writing queries, managing tables, and working with real data in a hands-on way. So, let's quickly look at what we'll cover in this course. First, we'll understand what data is and how it becomes useful information. Second, we'll learn about databases, DBMS, and how relational databases store data in tables. Next, we'll understand how SQL works and explore different SQL commands like create, insert, update, and select. Then, we'll create tables and learn how to choose the right data types. After that, we'll apply database rules using constraints like primary key and foreign key. Next, we'll work hands-on with MySQL, create tables, and import real data. Finally, we'll touch on security concepts and advanced SQL features used in data analysis. Before we dive into SQL queries, let's do a quick check to see how familiar you are with databases and SQL. In a relational database, data is mainly stored in is it A files, B sheets, C tables, or is it D folders? Let us know your answers in the comments below. >> So, what is data actually? If somebody is admitting in a hospital, so they are providing the data to the hospital, right? They're providing the data to the hospital. But exactly if you are going to the exact uh internal things about so what is data and what is information data is nothing but raw information. So if you are getting an admission in college for suppose if you are joining in this course so while admitting so might be you are filling some information. No we cannot say that one has information. We are providing some data to the simply learn. Correct. You are filling your name, email address and what is your current so the work what you are doing and also what you are expecting to become. So all these things we can consider it as data. So we can say this one is not in an organized fashion we can say. So data is nothing but a raw raw fact. It's a raw material we can say. So nowadays we are getting the data from different sources in uh uh digital engineering especially if you are observing almost all digital digital engineering applications we are getting the data from what is that one? So different sources what are the different sources might be if you're observing so logistics we are getting the data from trucks every 5 minutes automatically we are getting the data from so the update on the truck where it is standing and all right so from where might be from sensors we can able to get the data or might be from so another application we can able to get the data. So there are different sources for the data might be from social media from Facebook or otherwise you can get the data or from e-commerce applications we can get the data. So the major job of analyst per suppose if you are speaking about what is the job of analyst we have to take the data and after that we have to get some we have to identify some insights from the data according to our client requirement correct. So that is the major job of analyst. We have to show that data in a meaningful way to the customer. How can we do it? Of course I am getting data. I already have data. I'm working in a company. My data will be there in some data will be there in databases. Might be some data I'm getting from so another REST API per suppose that means from another application I am getting the data and some data I'm getting from sensors. But how can I take the data? How can I process the data? And how can I meaningfully order or otherwise how can I present the data in a meaningful way but these are all important for you as a data analyst that is the first question. So the try to understand. So the data is nothing but a rough fact. We are collecting the data according to the context as uh some of your colleague discussed right. So according to the context you are uh joining in simply learn perose for the particular course you are filling some information not we cannot call that one as information. So we are filling some data we are providing some data to the simply learn. So that is nothing but what is that one? So the data it is just a rough act but we cannot say always we can get the data by by filling the form right. We are getting the data from different sources. While getting the data from different sources, we can get data in different formats. Okay? So, please remember that point different formats. So, data is nothing but a rough fact. So example if your uh students fills an admission form so when they get admission in a college so the form contains several raw facts about the student right so like student name father name and also email id phone number all those things this one is nothing but what is that one so the data so what is the purpose of collecting the data so to maintain the records about that person in a college but information is different as a data analyst this information is important for you I'm speaking data is not important data is important without data we cannot get the information but data will be provided by some others right so data will be we are procuring from so different sources your job is not procuring the data Okay. Some other uh people so those who are good in programming so like might be Python programmers or net programmers. So they are getting the data and they're providing the data to you but in different formats. I cannot say always we are getting the data in database. Sometimes you are getting the data in JSON files, JavaScript object notation files and sometimes you are getting the data in CSV files, comma separated value files, the file format might be different. So that's why in this specialization might be we are learning but the data analyst specialization might be we are having so different different modules but in this module especially we are going to learn about how to work with databases. Okay, for suppose if your data is present in databases, how can you handle that data or otherwise might be if you want to create your own data, how can you create your data? But in real time, so before going to that one, so could you please confirm? So we are getting data from different sources. I cannot say always my data should be there in the database, right? My data might be there in JSON file. For example, let's say simple application example I will tell you. So I'm having so some logistic business. So my trucks are going entire India per suppose I am from India. So uh from different different states I need to get the updates. So that means every 5 minutes I'm tracking my trucks through one application. So what is the duty of that application? Every 5 minutes it is getting the uh data from the sensors. So some sensors will be fixed on the truck and the sensor giving updates to me. How it is giving update? It is giving update in a uh different file format. Right? always might be I'm not storing that updates in my what we can say I'm not going to store my all the data in my database sometimes might be I'm storing in JSON sometimes might be I'm storing in CSV files sometimes I'm keeping in database so this course will be useful whenever we are storing your data in the database so this course will be useful So you can store the data in the database and also from the database we can able to perform some we can able to get some insights about the data. So how to fetch the data? So what is fetching actually fetching in the sense what is the purpose of fetching? So we are selecting some exactly what exactly your requirement. So some properties so from the data right. So that is nothing but information. So look at this what exactly information actually. So when data is processed and organized and structured are presented in a given context to make them useful. Correct? So always if you are working in an organization always they are following analytics. If I'm saying suppose in this cohort so there are 30 plus people are there I'm saying so among 32 so there are 10 people are doing good perose if something I'm saying to the simply learn in words they will accept only 10 people are performing well if I am saying something so simply manager can I accept no I need to show some analytics I need to provide some information to the simply land. So exactly these 10 people are super performers for this. These are the proofs. So how can you present that information? Might be I'm conducting some assessments. Might be I'm giving some capstone project. So from that assessments I can able to get the data right. From that assessments I can able to get the data and I can able to present that in a meaningful way. that is understandable by everyone. So that is nothing but information. Information means not data. So don't think about so information is not nothing but not data. That data can be presented in a meaningful way that is understandable by senior leadership. Correct? Whatever you are showing so that should be understandable by senior leadership. So based upon that information only the senior leadership can make the decisions. Correct? So if you are working in an analytics department or if you are working in a senior leadership per suppose you are going to make some strategic decisions so based upon the data. So first we need some information not data what we can do with the data. So if you're looking into the data nothing we can identify right it's a numbers or might be categories of data we cannot identify anything we need to get some insights from the data. So how many people are 90% good performers or bad performers. So I need to present it in a meaningful way. So that is nothing but information. I hope everyone understand what is the meaning difference between the data and also information. So your job now I'm asking you all of you could you please type in chat your job is so providing information or otherwise getting the data where you are involving more so both right so most your job is as a data analyst so provide information through the data But we are not going to pre-process the we are we are we if we are having so the data per suppose we have to do lot of tasks what are the different types of tasks we we can perform on the data maybe if I am giving some raw data in excel sheet example per suppose if I'm giving data in excel sheet what we have to do first we need to analyze the data yes extraction transformation and load coding we have to transform the data according to our requirement. Might be some data uh some fields are having not values but suppose missing values we have to fill that missing values and after filling the missing values. So might be if you are providing the data to some other models for suppose machine learning models or something we have to transform the data into machine acceptable format might be one hot encoding so all those things I'm not going to talk about all those things here but be frank I'm saying so first if you are getting the data we need to look into the data and we need to perform the task what is that one extraction transformation and loading We have to extract what exactly the data required for you to provide some insights about the data to the leadership or customer. We cannot say all the features are required. Right? If you are collecting the data, we cannot say all the features are required. Only specific features might be enough. Correct? So only specific features might be efficient. We have to identify what are the specific features required for your requirement and we need to take that specific features and we need to transform the data in the required format which is accepted by the customer and we need to load the data and we need to present the data in a so particular format might be uh you want to present it in a graph. So there are different types of charts are available right if you are doing analytics pie chart or otherwise scatter plot. So there are different types of plots are available. So according to the context we can choose the particular plot and we can present that information in a particular fashion. So that is the role of what is that one? So so data analyst is it clear all of you? So what is information? So simple example here for understanding information data collected from sensus correct. So census data is uh mainly used to perform different types of information. So the government can use to determine the literacy rate in the country. Yes, of course. So government uses census data to identify the literacy rate in the country and also government can use information to take important decisions to improve literacy rate. In the similar way if you are working on any business always the leadership always asking about the reports right what the report contains the information not data they cannot understand data as a analyst we have to identify some insights from the data and we need to present it in a proper way so that information we need to present it in a proper way to understand by all the nonfunctional people uh Sorry. All the functional people like that because the leadership people are functional functional right. So they want to they are executing the business. If they are executing the business they they have to know so the complete information what what is going on in the organization in a proper way. So your job is you have to present that one in a proper way that is nothing but information. Correct. Okay. So, but to provide this information first what we have to do we need to store the data somewhere right? We need data but data we are getting from different sources but as a part of this module I'm speaking so I'm going to store the data in what is that one so database I'm not getting the data from JSON file I'm not getting and one more important thing I will tell you here I'm not doing any visualizations so as a data analyst might be expecting okay we performed some operation ations we perform trans some transformations but I need to visualize the the data visualizations cannot be done by using SQL or any database try to understand in database we can get the data and we can store the data and we can process the data and we can transform the data but we cannot visualize the data for visualization and also we have some other tools might be table or if you're going with Python libraries, Matt, plot lib, cborn, there are several libraries we have correct. So in SQL so we are not going to perform any visualization try to understand. Okay. So only we can perform operations on the data. So we can collect the data and keep it in a database. So from the data what exactly you want we can get it but we cannot visualize the data. So it's not a visualization tool. Okay. Visualization tools are different. Visualization tools table and also I discussed it right. So if you are working with Python frameworks what are those? Seborn Matt plot lib. So there are several libraries we have and also say there are so many advanced tools are available like table view nowadays. With that tools we can able to visualize what exactly the data you want to present in a particular fashion might be scatter plot or pie chart or whatever it may be. But don't expect in this course we are not going to perform any visualizations. We are just working with data that's all. Maybe immediately somebody some architect will ask me question. Okay. So now how can you get this data from database to visualization tool correct? I have data in my database might be Oracle database or MySQL or somewhere but I want to provide some information to the leadership through some meaningful charts per through some meaningful charts might be pie chart or something I need to integrate this database with what is that one so some other tools yes of course if you are working with table view or some other tools there are some integration ations are available. So we can integrate database with what is that one? So the table view or we can integrate uh your Python application with this database. We can get the data and based upon the data we can prepare charts by using Python application. All integrations are supported. But especially in this course we are going to work on what is that one. So only not getting insights from the data only preparing data and transforming data all are possible but visualizations are not possible in the case of SQL. What is database? anyone in real time I'm talking about there is no database softwares are available or suppose in the market where we are storing the data in the olden days earlier might be before databases that means before 1970s like that where we are storing the data anyone having an idea files right text files where we are keeping our data in text files In text files binders is a different so that is manual process like might be your writing on the books and all right but we have so computer systems are introduced after that first initially the data will be kept in what is that so some text files notepad files like that so after that what happened so the software applications cames came into the The software applications are writing data to the files. If somebody is filling a form, if you are clicking submit, that entry will be made in the file. But what is the problem with file? File management system lot of headache, right? So for example, the same thing if you are registering for a course in two times for suppose first time you already registered again you are trying to register two times. In such cases what happens? your software application has to validate. So that means we have to write lot of code to validate whether the user is already registered or not. It's a bigger headache for the software developers you know to write the lot of code if you are working with the text files. So if you are working with the traditional file system what we can say. So that's why these databases are introduced. So what is the capability of these databases? Okay. So these databases are what is that one? So the application software. So we can say database is nothing but an application software. Nowadays application software means the software we can able to install in your machine and we can able to store the data and manage the data. Application software which is installable on your machine. So otherwise we can say it's an application software which is capable of so managing the data and storing the data. So so many things and securing the data etc. I am not keeping so I'm not specifying all those things major things I'm specifying here it's a software application which is capable of managing the data and storing the data we can store the data and we can manage the data and we can secure the data so we can provide access to the restricted users all those things all those capabilities we can get get it with the database and also managing the data means we can able to get some insights from the data what exactly we are expecting all those things are possible with the database. So that's why so the practical definition of database is so database is a collection of so database objects so database objects. So but if you are observing so RDBMS definitions relational database management system definitions in RDBMS database means what database is a collection of logically related data items. So as for the RDBMS we have so the employee table that means this one can be treating as employee database. So employee number name and address. Okay we have some fields but suppose employee number is one and name is sur and address is San Francisco. So if you're observing so in RDBMS terminology whatever we are reading in books. So database is a collection of related data items. So these are all data items for suppose the properties are nothing but data items. So these are all related. So for example if the name is re whose employee number is one that means there is a relation between these data items. But if you are learning in a practical way, so database is different, table is different. Understand? So database is nothing but what is that one? So collection of database objects. So what are the database objects present in every database software for suppose we have tables and views and synonyms. So there are so many things synonyms. So clusters, indexes, right? Indexes and also stored procedures. Stored procedures and also functions. So like the triggers. So there are so many objects are present in the database. Okay. So what I'm saying is so in a practical way if you are learning any database so that might be var or DB2 or any any software database software that one contains so many objects you have to work with tables and we have to work with views and synonyms and clusters indexes stored procedures functions triggers all these stuff. But if you are going theoretically the definitions so of the database might be different but we are learning in a practical way right so how to use the databases in real time so simply we can say for that one so if you want to maintain a database for your business per suppose correct if you are maintaining a database for your business I'm starting an e-commerce business per suppose for my business I need to design a database I I need to work with many objects. I need to create so many objects. Might be I want to create some tables which are related to my business. In the e-commerce what are the tables will be there. We need to prepare some schema which contains the customer table and also as well as products table and I need to provide the association between these tables because the customer is purchasing the products. In such cases, there are several tables which are part of the particular schema and we need to identify the relationship between the tables and also as a data analyst. Okay, after preparing the data, after preparing the schema and after inserting the data, you want to fetch whatever the required information from that one. So all those things will be possible with the help of this database softness. Correct. So that's why finally I can conclude. So the practically so the definition of database is it is a collection of database objects. So these are all database objects. Maybe some people are from uh the Microsoft background also there right? So Microsoft access even if you are speaking about the access there are so many objects we can able to create in access. Somebody notified. So I worked on access Microsoft access could you please tell me what are the objects present in the Microsoft access in the chart it is possible. So we have tables right? We have tables, forms. Okay. So we have tables, forms I also worked for a long time back actually with MS access. You can able to create the tables, forms, uh micros, macros correct macros or microser I don't know. Okay. So all those things macros all the things are possible. Similarly, if you are looking for if we are talking about MS access that is a whole database that one is having very less number of objects but if you are taking any modern database modern database contains all these objects what are those tables views synonyms clusters stored procedures and all but as a data analyst system is it required to know all these things means no. So there are different different roles the people are working on database in a particular project. As a data analyst you need to know only the tables views that's all with the tables and views you can able to uh your job will be done. You need to learn more about how to extract so the exact features. So might be more most probably we are working on select queries. Okay. We have to select the data and we have to we have to select the data according to your requirement. Okay. But we are not going to work with clusters stored procedures and all. But if you're observing your curriculum so these are all so might be not all some of the concepts are part of your curriculum. Why the simply learn included all these things as a part of your curriculum is we need to get some clear idea about how the databases works. What are the different types of objects present in the databases. So for that purpose only we included all these concepts as a part of your curriculum. So not all the concepts I'm not talking about cluster synonyms and all we are talking about. So tables, views, stored procedures, functions, triggers and all those stuff correct. Okay. So you got some idea. So now you can just observe this slide and try to understand. So this is the first session you're talking about. So what are the different uh roles so available in databases per suppose? Yeah. So the career path with SQL perose what are the different career paths with SQL? All of you can able to see my screen? Yes. Right. So these are all different paths that are associated with the SQL. So data analyst, SQL developer and database administrator and BI administrator. So we need to understand about some of these roles. Why? Because we got some idea about what exactly database. Of course database is a software that means so might be MySQL or Veracle or any database software which we are installing in what is that one? So the machines but what this software is going to provide for you it is providing several objects. uh it is you can able to create tables, views, several objects but what is your role actually if you're working as a data analyst you are not going to work with all the objects you're going to work with only so the tables might be tables are used maximum because we need data to perform some analytics almost the data is present in tables only sometimes what happens uh we have large amount of data So I don't want all the data. We want to keep a separate view. We need to create a separate view. Other situation we can work with views. But if you are speaking about so the pure SQL developer. Yeah. So I worked as SQL developer and data analyst. But uh try to understand. So the SQL developer role is completely different. SQL developer is capable of developing all the objects. So you can able to clear the clusters, synonyms, indexes and also you can do some programming like PL/ by SQL which we are going to learn some basics in basics of PL/ by SQL in this course as well. So the SQL developer role is critical job. I'm not saying critical job analyst job is different. Developer role is different. Developer role is for example if the analyst requires some functionality. Okay. You are working as analyst. You want some transformation. You want to transform the existing data into what is that one? Uh different state. So you are not writing the code for that particular function. So your data will be taken by some function. It is going to transform your data. It is going to perform some calculations on that data. See as a data analyst your job is you have to analyze the data but if any transformation is required but suppose critical transformation is required so might be the SQL developer will do that job the developer will write a function or something so developer role is that is the role of developer right so we can you're all working in the same project so data analyst is working on same project SQL developer also working on same project administrator also also working on same project as well as business intelligence administrator also working on same project. All these people are working for the same project but the roles will be different. Your role is you are identifying insights from the data. While identifying the insights if you want to make some transformations for suppose so that transformation requires some code to write it. So some complex logic to implement. So we are delegating the task to SQL developer. Okay. So the SQL developer job is you have to understand the requirements and they have to implement the particular functionality. What type of transformation is required on the data. So these SQL developers can do that job. And what is the role of database administrator? Of course, even if in a team there are five analysts and five developers are there for suppose but database administrator will be only one person. Okay. So database administrator roles will be very limited only one or two people they will uh manage the entire database. What is the purpose of this database administrator? So the main role of database administrator is providing access always. So creating users for suppose if I'm joining in a project I onboarded into a project new project I don't have access to any database right because they are all business databases unnecessarily they were they will not provide access even if employee new employee is onboarded to a particular project. The administrator role is what permissions I have to provide to that particular person. What is the role of that person? I this guy is working as a data analyst. Okay. Of course, he's working as a data analyst and which tables he is working on and which data what data is required for that person. Unnecessarily I cannot provide access to all the data. Right? Unnecessarily I cannot provide access to all the data. Instead of that one I can provide uh access to only the particular data so which is required for that particular person. All these things will be taken care by the database administrator. If new employee is onboarded into a particular project this database administrator only create the users. He is responsible for creating users and he is capable of assigning permissions to uh to access the data for the particular user. Okay. Is a data analyst. What is the access and which tables we have to provide the access or that person can able to create the tables or create the views that type of permissions also can be provided by the database administrator. Okay. So the BA administrator is different if you are working with PowerBI or some other tools right uh that tools itself they are providing so administration panel so there we can control access to the particular users all the users cannot able to perform all the types of task right so the BI administrator so we'll take care about the administrator administration part uh while preparing the dashboards and all. Okay. So because they cannot provide access to all the people to get the insights on all the data, right? So maybe some people are working in financial department, some people are working in uh what we can say so leadership some people are working in some other departments. So the BI administrator they can able to control the dashboards they can able to control the people to access the certain type of dashboards and all those stuff. Okay. So as a associate programmer might be if you are working as a data analyst so you can get it as a data analyst or otherwise be a administrator. Some people if you are good in programming so we can able to become a SQL developer as well. Okay. So almost 1 hour discussion is completed what I want to deliver. So I already delivered. So good actually. So the session is going I think I hope it is going fine. All of you are on the track. All of you understand. So this is the basic discussion in introduction. We can feel like that what is your role? What you are going to do? Yes of course. After learning this course, you can apply this course in further tools. For suppose what you are going in the as a part of this tag, right? Might be tomorrow you're going to learn some visualization tools. You can able to get the data from this SQL database and all right of course your job is majorly on analytics. So for analytics might be you want to calculate you want to perform different types of operations calculating averages that means mean values maximum values minimum values and also we need to group the data sometimes we need to merge two tables into a single table or might be we data might be present in n number of tables you want to fetch the data we want to fetch all the features and we need to segregate it to a single result set for suppose all these things are possible with the help of SQL as well of course I work with SQL and also Python okay so Python pandas and numpy all those stuff the similar type of operations we can do it with Python as well but Python is a programming language but this SQL is providing a database solution for you what are the databases are available nowadays in the market in represents the software industry. So the major databases I'm noting here. So the major popular one is what is that one? So the veracle. So initially the vari is providing only database related services but after that you know the acquired so Java right now Java is also belongs to Oracle only but Oracle so DB is the very famous database but this one is commercial means what so you need licenses to work with Vacra database of course the community editions are available But this one is a a commercial database. That means if you are working on real project. Yes. So might be you want more database support and all. So definitely the client will look for var. So why? Because if you're going with MySQL and all these are all open source databases, right? So if you're taking so MySQL, MySQL is also another database software. So but this one is open source. So this one is developer or some opensource license. Anybody can freely download and install and use it. But no support will be provided. For suppose if you are uh developing a for suppose your application is running on a critical business per suppose take Amazon so it's a big business company right they're running so the millions or trillions business per suppose in such cases if there is something problem happen in the database so even our engineers Amazon engineers also So not identifying the problem. So what exactly the problem in the database? In such cases the Vacra will provide the support for for that company. Okay. Oracle supporting team will help to figure it out. So the particular problem but in the case of MySQL so such type of support is available means no because this is from open source. So only the inside inhouse engineers only can fix that problem. Otherwise we cannot depend on any support team like that because this is a commercial database but this one is open source and also before talking about this databases in databases also there are two types of databases we have so not two types there are several types we have so especially I'm talking about three types nowadays what are those first one is relational relational databases, relational databases especially we can call it as SQL SQL databases and another one is what is that one? So document databases or otherwise we can call it as NoSQL databases. So what are the NoSQL? So that means we are not using SQL structured query language in the particular databases for examples. So the MongoDB and also Dynamo DB. So like that so Cassandra so these are all examples for what is that one. So no SQL databases but when coming to the SQL databases uh they are relational databases right? So MySQL it's a opensource. So that's why almost training companies for training purpose and also if it is a uh middle level application like uh e-commerce application such type of applications they are using MySQL and also Vacra. So Vacra is from so the Oracle Corporation and also as well as the DB2 H. So Postgress SQL right. So Postgress SQL. So these are also different types of database like that. So many databases we have so many database softwares are available especially if you're talking about so this var is from Oracle corporation so it's a commercial database and also DB2 is from IBM international business machines so that is a company they developed their own database solution and this postgress SQL is also so from open source only but try to understand. So currently we are working with what is that one? So MySQL but what I'm saying is the MySQL even if you are working with if you are learning MySQL you are getting regularized with okay and also DB2 Postgress SQL. So might be the syntaxes will be different understand. So if you are learning MySQL so so you must be regularized with Oracle DB2 Postgress SQL or anything. So tomorrow in your organization so maybe you need to get the data from different sources. You cannot say always you're getting data from MySQL you're getting data from my VR or DB2 or postsq. Of course nowadays we are not going to think about the code right because the code is written by the a tools almost example GitHub copilot there are so many tools are available in the market so don't bother about the code understanding the concept is important correct the code nowadays even if I'm working in as a developer per suppose I'm not going to write uh the too much of code right nowadays almost a tools are available GitHub copilot so they introduced some copilot we are just asking some question is automatically writing code for you so don't worry of about this code writing code in this era okay so the code generation tools are available but we we have to know the concept how this one is working so how to face the data and all those stuff so that's why so if you are learning the concept for one database is so mainly the syntax for the SQL will be different from MySQL to var to DB2 DB2 to Postgress SQL what I'm saying is if you are learning one thing yes that is sufficient to regularize with and also DB2 postgress SQL as well and also I can see I am working in so generative AI okay machine learning and generative AI I can see so different types of database ases nowadays. What are those? Grab DBs, right? So, grab databases. So, grab DBs. So, these graph DBs are going to store the information in vectors, vector stores. These graph DBs we can call it as what is that once a vector stores it is going to convert. For example, so let me give you a simple example to understand this graph databases. How these graph databases are working nowadays. Uh let's say a simple example. I want to you are all joining in a simple learn course. Per suppose you want to know about the frequently asked information. Or suppose you are having some queries different different types of queries. Uh maybe simply learn developed some chatbot to clarify your queries. So you're asking something to the chatbot automatically chatbot is giving some information. So from there it is getting the information the chat bots and all it is giving the information from so some vector store whatever the knowledge required for all the learners uh they are preparing one document whatever the frequently asked questions and all they are going to store that information in what is that once the vector stores so that means whatever the information that is converted into numeric vectors and they are keeping that information in the vector Course if somebody is asking question okay what is the duration of the course for suppose for that particular question this question also converted into the vectors it is going to perform some similarity search for that question what is the relevant answer uh what is the relevant vector identified in the vector store so it is providing the correct answer for you so that is now most famous area what is that one so general generative AI especially rag retrieval automated generation so we are using vector stores I'm not going to jump into that area because my job is currently I want to talk about so this relational databases especially so just I want to tell you there are different types of databases are available graph databases hierarchal databases there are so many things but we are working with what is the databases relational databases Say especially so the MySQL. So in MySQL so we are using so the SQL queries. So right so we are using what is that one? So SQL what is SQL actually? So SQL stands for what is that one? So structured query language. Correct. So I know some people are already having experience with SQL. So you're feeling bored while writing basic queries but uh try to understand me. I'm delivering session for all the crowd right all the people who are participating in this session. So that's why hey I need to go from very basic. Okay, even if you are having knowledge, okay, you can listen if you are uh while doing practice maybe you can easily get it. So structured query language, right? So now tell me this SQL is a common language that is common for all the databases means yes. Okay, SQL stands for structured query language. Of course, if there is no SQL, so what we can do? Anyone? Can you please guess it? There is no SQL. So then how can I manipulate the data? Any answers? Please type through chat. Assume that there is no SQL. So SQL is a simple language. We can easily write the queries and we can able to get the output from the database. If there is no SQL, how can you get the how can you transform your data and how can you fetch your data? How can you store your data in the files only? Right? We need to write a separate program. Even if you want to manipulate the data in SQL uh in Excel sheet, so we have to write a separate Python program or Java program uh Java application to manipulate the data on Excel, right? But it is becoming so cumbersome always. Yes. So I agree uh Som. So Fox Pro can be used as a both application and also database of course. But that one is having a limited features because that one is a old version that one is having a limited features. Nowadays we are all observing. So we are taking so many things into the consideration. performance. Fox Pro if you are going with Fox Pro, it is not providing services to the multiple users. But nowadays almost all applications are uh developed on modern technologies. So these modern technology applications can able to interact with modern databases very easily. If if you are asking me you can develop an application uh to perform operations my excel sheet means it is very difficult for me. Okay. So I want to connect to the Excel sheet and I want to manipulate the cells or I want to manipulate the data as a programmer it is very difficult to me but if you're asking me to perform operations on database I feel I can enjoy my job because the database are providing that type of capability to the developers. We are not going to do more work if you are working with databases. But if you are working with Excel sheet, of course we have to do lot of work. But if you are working with the databases, we are not going to do that much of work like that. Okay. So I hope you understand what I'm saying. SQL simplifies our job with a single line of query. we can able to perform so lot of transformation in the data or lot of operations in the data but this SQL syntaxes so this SQL if you're talking about SQL stands for structured query language SQL is a fifth generation language okay I'm saying so this one is a fifth gen language fifth gen language means why this one we can consider it as a fifth generation language If you are taking so C language and C++ we have to write so complex program but suppose if you want to insert one record also we have to write some complex 10 or 10 or 15 lines of code uh to perform that operations but with the help of SQL with a single line of code you can able to perform that operation correct okay all right so we'll jump into the SQL part now I'm talking about so another important thing what is that one so DBMS okay so DBMS DBMS stands for what so database management system so similarly so database and database management system both are same databases only we can call it as database management system okay we can simply say database management ment system is a software package. Correct? It is a software package which we are installing in our machine. What it is providing? The software package is providing several built-in programs. So if you are installing that MySQL, there are several built-in programs that to be installed with MySQL. What that programs are offering for you? It is providing so many features. Each program is responsible for performing different types of operations. For example, in SQL, if you want to uh retrieve the data from employee table, we are just writing this query. So, select star from emp. So, if I'm writing this simple query, I can able to fetch the all the information from employee table. So think yourself with the single line of query if I'm writing the single line of query how can I perform so that much of operations correct very difficult right so for that one if you are writing select star from emp behind the scenes some program will be executed some built-in program will be executed that program is responsible for fetching the data from the employee table so that means what I'm saying is a database management system. It's a full-fledged package which contains all the built-in programs which are required for performing all the operations on the database. That might be fetching the data or inserting the data or deleting the data. For every operation, there is a separate built-in program that is associated with the database management system. So maybe you're asking so you are talking about some built-in programs is it possible to create our own program and we can make it according to our context. Yes, of course, it is providing a facility. Of course, you are not satisfied with the existing programs for suppose. Yes, you can able to write your own custom stored procedures, own custom stored functions to perform a specific operation. It's a complete system. We can say it contains some built-in operations and also it is facilitating if you are not satisfied with the built-in functions or routines. Yes, we can able to develop your own routine according to your context and we can apply that one on the database management system. Okay. So that is nothing but database management system. But it is not only providing only the specific service. I'm talking about database management system. Not only providing so the built-in functions for manipulating the data. Okay. It is providing security. It is providing some uh functionalities built-in functionality related to security securing your data. So we cannot access for suppose every user cannot provide access to all the data right for example if I'm working on credit cards I can able to access only credit cards table I cannot able to access the customer information right if you are working in a business like that yes George you have any questions you specify your name something no questions side. So can I proceed? Yeah. Okay. So these are also some of the important points. What is that one? So I want to talk about SQL. So what is SQL actually? So you can read from this slide. I'm not going to take the slides in the next half. Okay. First quickly go through this SQL part. So SQL is a mainstream language used to access the databases and databases are programs that enable clients to store and manage the information in logical manner. Of course you are storing the information in logical fashion and according to ANC American National Standard Institute it is a standard language for the RDBMS. So for relational database management system it is a standard language that's why we are using SQL right by using SQL so we can able to perform so different types of operations. What are the different types of operations? So let's uh go through this SQL part. So let's go to this SQL. So yeah actually this SQL stands for structured query language. This one is derived from one the word called as SQL. Actually SQL stands for structured English query language. Okay. So the structured English query language was developed by IBM initially. It is mostly related to the English that means uh through English we can able to ask some question. It is going to provide that information for you. It is like that. So that is nothing but a SQL. But from the SQL only this SQL has been derived. So SQL later became SQL. But still we can pronounce that one as what is that one? So SQL. So what are the advantages? It is efficient. Yes, of course with the single line of code we can able to perform some complex operations and also as well as it is easy to learn and use and we can able to perform any type of operation whatever the operations we are expecting. So this is the main table you want to talk about SQL what are the operations we can able to perform on SQL we can able to perform so data retrieval. So that one we can call it as DRL actually right. So DRL stands for what is that one? Data retrieval language. Questions are where we can get that uh file we are showing. I will share you after the session. Okay. This file we can keep it with you throughout this journey. So for these seven sessions. So the content this much this content will be very much useful for you. Okay. So you can download download it from simply learn website. So these are the different types of SQL operations you can able to perform. Correct. Before SQL of course it is very difficult. Uh even I am working my career also starting after started after introducing databases only 20 years back. Okay. I never face a problem with uh what is that one working with files. But before me some people might be working as developers they are not using these databases right at the time there is no databases. So in such cases they have to write some complex programs. So might be C language program or Python program. So to manipulate databases programmatically. So for performing simple insert operation they have to write write 10 lines of code or 20 lines of code. But after introducing this SQL this game is simplified with a single line of query right with a single line of query we can able to perform some complex operations. But what type of queries what type of operations w