Foundations

ML Fundamentals

Neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent — the maths behind AI

11,229
lessons
Skills in this topic
View full skill map →
ML Maths Basics
beginner
Manipulate vectors and matrices
Supervised Learning
beginner
Train decision trees, random forests, and neural nets
Unsupervised Learning
intermediate
Apply k-means and DBSCAN clustering
ML Pipelines
intermediate
Engineer features and handle missing data

Showing 622 reads from curated sources

The Anti-Fragile Mind — Ep 23
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Anti-Fragile Mind — Ep 23
Linear Regression: Turning Geometry into Prediction Continue reading on Medium »
Cosine Similarity vs Euclidean Distance
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Cosine Similarity vs Euclidean Distance
https://medium.com/@ram.mgr88/how-machines-understand-words-using-embeddings-a-visual-guide-with-actual-math-dec4ff51f12c?postPublishedType= Continue reading on
Cosine Similarity vs Euclidean Distance
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Cosine Similarity vs Euclidean Distance
https://medium.com/@ram.mgr88/how-machines-understand-words-using-embeddings-a-visual-guide-with-actual-math-dec4ff51f12c?postPublishedType= Continue reading on
Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (AI/ML): A Complete Guide for Beginners to Advanced
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (AI/ML): A Complete Guide for Beginners to Advanced
Introduction Continue reading on Medium »
Introduction to doubleml and causalml: Machine Learning Meets Causal Inference
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Introduction to doubleml and causalml: Machine Learning Meets Causal Inference
If you’ve followed my previous posts on Difference-in-Differences, RDD, and placebo tests, you already know that getting causal inference… Continue reading on M
Introduction to doubleml and causalml: Machine Learning Meets Causal Inference
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Introduction to doubleml and causalml: Machine Learning Meets Causal Inference
If you’ve followed my previous posts on Difference-in-Differences, RDD, and placebo tests, you already know that getting causal inference… Continue reading on M
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Encoder–Decoder Models in NLP: How Machines Learned Translation and Summarization Before…
From our previous NLP series blog, one major pattern becomes very clear. Continue reading on Medium »
Training Neural Networks
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Training Neural Networks
A Guide handling optimization, regularization, and advanced learning strategies from gradient descent to curriculum learning. Continue reading on Data Science C
Training Neural Networks
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Training Neural Networks
A Guide handling optimization, regularization, and advanced learning strategies from gradient descent to curriculum learning. Continue reading on Data Science C
Introduction to Quantile Regression in Finance
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Introduction to Quantile Regression in Finance
Quantile regression offers a lens through which we can view the entire conditional distribution of a financial variable, not just its… Continue reading on Mediu
ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Linear Programming for Multi-Criteria Assessment with Cardinal and Ordinal Data: A Pessimistic Virtual Gap Analysis
arXiv:2604.09555v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) is used to rank alternatives based on various criteria. Key MCA methods, such as M
ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Factorizing formal contexts from closures of necessity operators
arXiv:2604.09582v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Factorizing datasets is an interesting process in a multitude of approaches, but many times it is not possible o
ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Geometry of Knowing: From Possibilistic Ignorance to Probabilistic Certainty -- A Measure-Theoretic Framework for Epistemic Convergence
arXiv:2604.09614v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This paper develops a measure-theoretic framework establishing when and how a possibilistic representation of in
Memory Efficiency at Scale: Python Generators & Iterators
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Memory Efficiency at Scale: Python Generators & Iterators
Stop crashing your servers! Learn how to use Python's yield keyword to process millions of rows with nearly zero RAM usage. Continue reading on Python in Plain
Memory Efficiency at Scale: Python Generators & Iterators
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Memory Efficiency at Scale: Python Generators & Iterators
Stop crashing your servers! Learn how to use Python's yield keyword to process millions of rows with nearly zero RAM usage. Continue reading on Python in Plain
10 Python Tips That Make Your Code Easier to Read
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
10 Python Tips That Make Your Code Easier to Read
Your future self will thank you. Continue reading on Medium »
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Self-Supervised Temporal Pattern Mining for sustainable aquaculture monitoring systems under real-time policy constraints
Self-Supervised Temporal Pattern Mining for sustainable aquaculture monitoring
De listas estáticas a recomendaciones dinámicas: el nuevo recomendador de Fondos y SMAs en GBM
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
De listas estáticas a recomendaciones dinámicas: el nuevo recomendador de Fondos y SMAs en GBM
By Leon Palafox Continue reading on GBM Tech »
Implementing DeepSeek-V2’s Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA) from Scratch in PyTorch — Part III…
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Implementing DeepSeek-V2’s Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA) from Scratch in PyTorch — Part III…
This is the third and final part of my “Implementing DeepSeek-V2 MLA from scratch” series, a hands-on mini-course that will guide you… Continue reading on Mediu
Scaling Recommendation Systems with Request-Level Deduplication
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Scaling Recommendation Systems with Request-Level Deduplication
Authors: Matt Lawhon | Sr. Machine Learning Engineer; Filip Ryzner | Machine Learning Engineer II; Kousik Rajesh | Machine Learning… Continue reading on Pintere
Model Tuning Is Bigger Than Hyperparameters
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Model Tuning Is Bigger Than Hyperparameters
When people talk about model tuning, they often jump straight to hyper parameters. Continue reading on Medium »
MCP server for C# development with real NuGet reflection
Dev.to · Prashant Patil 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
MCP server for C# development with real NuGet reflection
sharp-mcp: Roslyn-Powered C# Analysis, Real NuGet DLL Reflection, and Safe Live...
State-Driven Statistical Arbitrage: Monotone-Drift Latent Modeling for Multi-Asset Trading
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
State-Driven Statistical Arbitrage: Monotone-Drift Latent Modeling for Multi-Asset Trading
From Fixed Linear Spreads to Adaptive Relative-Value Decisions and Online Allocation Continue reading on Level Up Coding »
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Rules Caught Nothing, Memory Caught Everything.
Every invoice processing system has rules. "Flag amounts over $50,000 for manual review." "Reject invoices missing a vendor registration number." These are clea
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
A Practical Guide to Architecting Real-Time Fashion Trend Detection
Real-time fashion trend detection is a computational framework for identifying emerging apparel patterns. Unlike traditional retail analytics which rely on hist
InfoQ AI/ML 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Presentation: Reimagining Platform Engagement with Graph Neural Networks
Mariia Bulycheva discusses the transition from classic deep learning to GNNs for Zalando's landing page. She explains the complexities of converting user logs i
The Biggest Mistake Python Developers Make After Learning Basics
Medium · Programming 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Biggest Mistake Python Developers Make After Learning Basics
And why it quietly keeps you stuck for years Continue reading on Python in Plain English »
The Biggest Mistake Python Developers Make After Learning Basics
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Biggest Mistake Python Developers Make After Learning Basics
And why it quietly keeps you stuck for years Continue reading on Python in Plain English »
Meta Hacker Cup 2013— Round 3: Digits War
Medium · JavaScript 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Meta Hacker Cup 2013— Round 3: Digits War
Difficulty: Medium Topic: Digit Dynamic Programming, Combinatorics Continue reading on Javascript by doing »
Machine Learning Development Life Cycle(MLDLC): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Guide
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Machine Learning Development Life Cycle(MLDLC): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Guide
Introduction to Machine Learning and Python Continue reading on Medium »
11 production lessons from a model rollback that didn’t rollback
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
11 production lessons from a model rollback that didn’t rollback
When your rollback plan says “safe” but your system quietly keeps serving the very behavior you were trying to undo Continue reading on Medium »
Quantum Computing: What Tech Leaders Need to Know
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Quantum Computing: What Tech Leaders Need to Know
Quantum computing is no longer just a research topic. It is slowly moving toward real-world use, and that is why tech leaders are starting… Continue reading on
ArXiv cs.AI 📐 ML Fundamentals 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Parameterized Complexity Of Representing Models Of MSO Formulas
arXiv:2604.08707v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Monadic second order logic (MSO2) plays an important role in parameterized complexity due to the Courcelle's the
Activation Functions Explained: Why ReLU Replaced Sigmoid
Medium · AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Activation Functions Explained: Why ReLU Replaced Sigmoid
The function inside every neuron that makes neural networks actually work and why choosing the wrong one breaks everything. Continue reading on Medium »
Activation Functions Explained: Why ReLU Replaced Sigmoid
Medium · Deep Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Activation Functions Explained: Why ReLU Replaced Sigmoid
The function inside every neuron that makes neural networks actually work and why choosing the wrong one breaks everything. Continue reading on Medium »
Why Hardly Anyone Uses Python’s heapq (But Should)
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Why Hardly Anyone Uses Python’s heapq (But Should)
You’re probably sorting lists when a heap would solve the problem in a fraction of the time. Here’s what you’re missing. Continue reading on The Python Dispatch
Stop Guessing Staffing Needs: How I’d Predict Daily Museum Visitors Before They Arrive (Part 2)
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Stop Guessing Staffing Needs: How I’d Predict Daily Museum Visitors Before They Arrive (Part 2)
From a trained model in a notebook to a working app that museum/exhibitions/venue operations teams can ACTUALLY use. Continue reading on Medium »
The Most Misunderstood Layer in Enterprise AI: Why Constraints Define Real Decision Systems
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Most Misunderstood Layer in Enterprise AI: Why Constraints Define Real Decision Systems
Why 85% of AI pilots fail to scale — and the missing constraints layer that determines whether enterprise AI systems succeed or collapse Continue reading on Med
Bank Reconciliation in Python: Building a Plaid Integration from Scratch
Dev.to · Edwards Tech Innovations 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Bank Reconciliation in Python: Building a Plaid Integration from Scratch
Bank Reconciliation in Python: Building a Plaid Integration from Scratch If you're...
Yapay Zeka Destekli Test Otomasyonunda Temel Metrikler: Entropi, Çapraz Entropi ve Perplexity
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Yapay Zeka Destekli Test Otomasyonunda Temel Metrikler: Entropi, Çapraz Entropi ve Perplexity
Yapay zeka araçlarını test süreçlerimize entegre ederken veya “Niyet Mühendisliği” (Intent Engineering) yaklaşımıyla test senaryoları… Continue reading on Mediu
What an AI Really “Sees” When It Plays a Game
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
What an AI Really “Sees” When It Plays a Game
A clear, rigorous walkthrough of how reinforcement learning converts a world into numbers, actions into value estimates, and experience… Continue reading on Med
Hybrid ML for Market Regime Detection: HMM + K-Means on SPY, IWM, HYG, LQD, VIX
Dev.to · Ayrat Murtazin 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Hybrid ML for Market Regime Detection: HMM + K-Means on SPY, IWM, HYG, LQD, VIX
Combine Hidden Markov Models and K-Means clustering with PCA to detect equity, credit, and volatility regimes in Python.
Dev.to AI 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Explainable Causal Reinforcement Learning for wildfire evacuation logistics networks in carbon-negative infrastructure
Explainable Causal Reinforcement Learning for wildfire evacuation logistics networks in carbon-negative infrastructure In
I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Built a Fraud Detection System Instead
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Built a Fraud Detection System Instead
From 6.3 million transactions to a real working ML app — my first real data science project Continue reading on Medium »
I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Built a Fraud Detection System Instead
Medium · Data Science 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Built a Fraud Detection System Instead
From 6.3 million transactions to a real working ML app — my first real data science project Continue reading on Medium »
I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Built a Fraud Detection System Instead
Medium · Python 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Built a Fraud Detection System Instead
From 6.3 million transactions to a real working ML app — my first real data science project Continue reading on Medium »
Beyond Forecasting: Time Series as Reasoning, Not Ritual
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Beyond Forecasting: Time Series as Reasoning, Not Ritual
Time series, causal impact, and the difference between analysis and analysis theater Continue reading on Medium »
Medium · Machine Learning 📐 ML Fundamentals ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Applying Federated Learning to Financial Services
What is Federated Learning? Continue reading on Medium »