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Systems Design & Architecture

Scalability, databases, microservices, APIs, caching and distributed systems

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Systems Design Basics
beginner
Explain SQL vs NoSQL tradeoffs
Distributed Systems
intermediate
Design event-driven systems with message queues
AI Systems Design
advanced
Design an LLM inference cluster with vLLM
All Reads (6,934) Articles (819)Blog Posts (4767)Tutorials (974)Research Papers (8)News (366)
You Didn’t Fail the System Design Interview Because Your Architecture Was Wrong
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 13h ago
You Didn’t Fail the System Design Interview Because Your Architecture Was Wrong
A candidate draws a perfectly reasonable architecture. Continue reading on Javarevisited »
Why Senior Engineers Prefer Explicit Code in Performance-Critical Paths
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 18h ago
Why Senior Engineers Prefer Explicit Code in Performance-Critical Paths
Abstraction reduces cognitive load when it hides irrelevant detail. On a hot path, the detail you hide may be exactly what determines… Continue reading on Mediu
Handling contention
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 18h ago
Handling contention
How to close the gaps between read and write before they turn into oversold inventory, double charges, and corrupted state. Continue reading on Medium »
What The Interoperability Layer Makes Possible
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 21h ago
What The Interoperability Layer Makes Possible
Publication 1 is not the end of a specification process. It is the foundation of an adoption architecture — the layer that determines what… Continue reading on
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
Partitioning & Sharding: Splitting Data Across Multiple Nodes
Replication creates copies of data. Sharding divides the data itself. Continue reading on Medium »
[RustGuide] 10.8. Lifetime Annotations in Method Definitions and Static Lifetime
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
[RustGuide] 10.8. Lifetime Annotations in Method Definitions and Static Lifetime
10.8.1 Lifetime Annotations in Method Definitions Continue reading on Medium »
How Databases Actually Store Data on Disk: The Slotted Page Architecture
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
How Databases Actually Store Data on Disk: The Slotted Page Architecture
Why variable-length keys break traditional arrays, and how database engines pack arbitrary data into fixed-size disk blocks. Continue reading on Medium »
The Full-Stack Title Is Meaningless in 2026. Here Is What Teams Actually Hire For
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1d ago
The Full-Stack Title Is Meaningless in 2026. Here Is What Teams Actually Hire For
Why boilerplate builders are getting filtered out while system orchestrators command top-tier compensation. Continue reading on Write A Catalyst »
AI Çağında Anlama Yüzeyini Küçültmek — DDD ve Hexagonal Mimari ile Aradığımızı Kolayca Bul…
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
AI Çağında Anlama Yüzeyini Küçültmek — DDD ve Hexagonal Mimari ile Aradığımızı Kolayca Bul…
KISIM I — TEMEL KAVRAM: ANLAMA YÜZEYİ Continue reading on Medium »
AI Çağında Anlama Yüzeyini Küçültmek — DDD ve Hexagonal Mimari ile Aradığımızı Kolayca Bul…
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
AI Çağında Anlama Yüzeyini Küçültmek — DDD ve Hexagonal Mimari ile Aradığımızı Kolayca Bul…
KISIM I — TEMEL KAVRAM: ANLAMA YÜZEYİ Continue reading on Medium »
[RustGuide] 10.4 Trait Pt.2 - Traits as Parameters and Return Types, Trait Bounds
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
[RustGuide] 10.4 Trait Pt.2 - Traits as Parameters and Return Types, Trait Bounds
10.4.1 Using Traits as Parameters Continue reading on Medium »
Dev.to AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Chapter 11 — Complete Technical Implementation
Chapter 11 — Technical Implementation Frontend/API architecture Orchestrator service Planner Memory service Retrieval service Model router Verification service
Saga Design Pattern: How Distributed Systems Handle Failures Without Losing Data
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Saga Design Pattern: How Distributed Systems Handle Failures Without Losing Data
Microservices give us scalability, independent deployments, and team autonomy. Continue reading on Medium »
Deadlock, Livelock, and Starvation: The Three Ways Threads Ruin Your Day
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
Deadlock, Livelock, and Starvation: The Three Ways Threads Ruin Your Day
Hi everyone, welcome back. Today, I will be going over the classic problems that show up when a program does more than one thing at a time… Continue reading on
️⚙️ Operating Systems Demystified: How Your Computer Actually Works Under the Hood
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
️⚙️ Operating Systems Demystified: How Your Computer Actually Works Under the Hood
“An Operating System is not just software you open — it is the invisible manager that makes every other software possible.” Continue reading on Medium »
Hexagonal architecture, explained with a toy house
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 3d ago
Hexagonal architecture, explained with a toy house
Here’s the one thing hexagonal architecture is trying to protect: your business logic should never know what database, framework, or… Continue reading on Medium
Dev.to AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 4d ago
Vẽ sơ đồ kiến trúc bằng Claude Code và Draw.io MCP server
Originally published on NextFuture Bạn cần một sơ đồ kiến trúc cho tài liệu bàn giao, và Visio thì không có license. Bạn mở PowerPoint, vẽ hộp với mũi tên, expo
I Bombed 4 System Design Interviews Before I Realized the Problem Was Never the System.
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 5d ago
I Bombed 4 System Design Interviews Before I Realized the Problem Was Never the System.
I knew Kafka. I knew Postgres. I knew Redis. None of it mattered, and it took a fifth rejection for someone to finally tell me why. Continue reading on Javarevi
I Sat Through 20 System Design Interviews in 2026. Here Is the Data Nobody Publishes.
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 6d ago
I Sat Through 20 System Design Interviews in 2026. Here Is the Data Nobody Publishes.
Not the frameworks. The actual log: which prompts I got, which decisions I defended badly, and the exact question that started turning… Continue reading on Code
The Same Requirement Means Different Things to Security, Architecture, and Operations
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 6d ago
The Same Requirement Means Different Things to Security, Architecture, and Operations
A trace becomes useful only when it records who connected an engineering element, from which concern, and why. Continue reading on Medium »
Gemini responsded on what exactly is Abstraction in codding
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Gemini responsded on what exactly is Abstraction in codding
User: can i say that abstraction is not exactly part of programming or more better code it is for algorithm may be or thinking process of… Continue reading on M
Dev.to AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Coding Is Getting Easier. But System Design Still Matters.
Writing code is becoming easier. With AI tools, you can generate APIs, database queries, UI components and even complete features much faster than before. But b
OOP in C#: How Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism & Abstraction Actually Show Up in ASP.NET
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
OOP in C#: How Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism & Abstraction Actually Show Up in ASP.NET
Every C# developer can recite the four pillars of OOP in an interview. Fewer can point to where each one is actually doing work in a real… Continue reading on M
The Borrow Checker Isn’t a Memory Safety Tool. It’s a Distributed Systems Proof Assistant.
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Borrow Checker Isn’t a Memory Safety Tool. It’s a Distributed Systems Proof Assistant.
Ownership and borrowing are a compile-time consensus protocol — the thing senior engineers have been solving badly, by hand, in production… Continue reading on
Chapter 11 — Technical Implementation
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Chapter 11 — Technical Implementation
Frontend/API architecture Continue reading on Medium »
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Why 70% of Modern Web Applications Fail to Scale (And How We Fixed It)
When engineering custom digital software or enterprise platforms, modern companies require scalable architecture to avoid performance… Continue reading on Mediu
I Tried Building an Operating System From Scratch. Here’s What Broke My Brain…
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
I Tried Building an Operating System From Scratch. Here’s What Broke My Brain…
I used to think an operating system was basically a desktop, some windows, a taskbar, and a bunch of applications. Continue reading on Medium »
Monolithic vs Microservices: Which Architecture Wins in 2026? [Detailed Breakdown]
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Monolithic vs Microservices: Which Architecture Wins in 2026? [Detailed Breakdown]
The real trade-offs behind monoliths, microservices, scaling and choosing the right architecture. Guide in the AI age. Continue reading on Medium »
Architecture Decision Records in Flutter: How to Document the “Why” Behind Your Architecture
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Architecture Decision Records in Flutter: How to Document the “Why” Behind Your Architecture
“Why are we using Riverpod here?” Continue reading on Flutter Hub »
OpenAI Interview Question: Design a Memory Allocator
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
OpenAI Interview Question: Design a Memory Allocator
First-Fit, Best-Fit, and the Bug That Hides Until Op 400 Continue reading on Medium »
3 Resilience Patterns Every Backend Engineer Should Actually Understand
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
3 Resilience Patterns Every Backend Engineer Should Actually Understand
Rate Limiting, Circuit Breaker, and Retry with Backoff: explained with one running example, in plain English, with just enough code to… Continue reading on Medi
Penerapan Event-Driven Architecture dan Message Queue untuk Pemrosesan Data Asinkron
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Penerapan Event-Driven Architecture dan Message Queue untuk Pemrosesan Data Asinkron
Sepanjang pembahasan di Seri #16 dan Seri #17 KapsulTech, kita telah mempelajari bagaimana transisi ke microservices serta optimasi… Continue reading on Medium
Pointer Provenanc e— The Hidden Identity of Every C Pointer
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Pointer Provenanc e— The Hidden Identity of Every C Pointer
The missing concept behind alias analysis and undefined behavior in C. Continue reading on Medium »
The Composition Root in Flutter: Where Should Your Entire Application Come Together?
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Composition Root in Flutter: Where Should Your Entire Application Come Together?
“Where should I initialize everything?” Continue reading on Flutter Hub »
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Interfaces and Abstractions: Programming Against Contracts
Good software design is often about depending on what something does, not how it does it. Continue reading on Medium »
Checked Exceptions Were Trying to Be Sum Types All Along
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Checked Exceptions Were Trying to Be Sum Types All Along
Why Java’s checked exceptions feel like half-finished algebraic data types — and what modern Java can do about it Continue reading on Heap & Wire »
The Include Chain That Turns 50 Database Rows into Thousands of Objects
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
The Include Chain That Turns 50 Database Rows into Thousands of Objects
Your endpoint asked for 50 parent records. The generated SQL, materializer, change tracker, mapper, and serializer may process far more. Continue reading on Rea
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Design Patterns: Reusable Solutions to Recurring Problems
A practical guide to classic design patterns in C#/.NET — Factory, Singleton, Repository, Strategy, and Mediator — covering what problem… Continue reading on Me
[RustGuide] 8.1 Vector
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
[RustGuide] 8.1 Vector
8.1.0. Chapter Overview Continue reading on Medium »
system design is the language. ai is the compiler.
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
system design is the language. ai is the compiler.
system design is the language. ai is the compiler. Continue reading on Medium »
Understanding Java Arrays and Lists — The Theory Behind Representation, Information Hiding, and the…
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Understanding Java Arrays and Lists — The Theory Behind Representation, Information Hiding, and the…
Arbiter Guide Theory • Day 7 | Exploring the raw array as pre-abstraction storage, the Iterator pattern as information hiding applied to… Continue reading on Co
Kafka Is Not Always the Answer: Choosing the Right Event System
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Kafka Is Not Always the Answer: Choosing the Right Event System
Event-driven architecture is now common in modern distributed systems. When a new requirement involves asynchronous processing, the first… Continue reading on M
Classes and Objects in Java: The OOP Concepts That Finally Clicked for Me
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Classes and Objects in Java: The OOP Concepts That Finally Clicked for Me
Understanding the foundation of object-oriented programming through a simple student example. Continue reading on Medium »
Dev.to AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Architecting Infinite Canvas Performance: Viewport Virtualization & Spatial Indexing with TypeScript
Building a high-performance, browser-based infinite canvas that effortlessly hosts thousands of generative media nodes, real-time streaming pipelines, and WebGP
How Loop Engineering Evolves with Graph Engineering
Medium · AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
How Loop Engineering Evolves with Graph Engineering
A reliable loop completes one bounded task. Graph engineering connects loops, decisions, and memory into systems that handle real work. Continue reading on Medi
Dev.to AI 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Key Engineering Invariants
1. Fail-Closed by Default (0.0V Safe State) If an action violates bounds, provides an invalid MAC tag, or exceeds the anomaly threshold, the system does not jus
Raft Doesn’t Prevent Split Votes
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Raft Doesn’t Prevent Split Votes
It just makes them rare, and that turns out to be enough Continue reading on Medium »
Memahami Polymorphism dalam OOP
Medium · Programming 🏗️ Systems Design & Architecture ⚡ AI Lesson 2w ago
Memahami Polymorphism dalam OOP
Sebelumnya kita telah belajar Konsep Dasar Pemrograman Berorientasi Objek (Object Oriented Programming/OOP). Continue reading on Medium »