Foundations

Mathematical Foundations

Linear algebra, calculus, probability, statistics and optimisation — the maths behind ML

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lessons
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Maths for ML
beginner
Multiply matrices and compute dot products
Probability & Statistics
beginner
Calculate conditional probability and Bayes' theorem
Optimisation
intermediate
Implement gradient descent from scratch
Information Theory
intermediate
Calculate Shannon entropy and cross-entropy loss
All Reads (350) Articles (162)Blog Posts (99)Tutorials (37)Research Papers (46)News (6)
Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors — The Special Directions Hidden Inside a Matrix
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 1d ago
Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors — The Special Directions Hidden Inside a Matrix
In the previous articles, we changed the way we look at matrices. Continue reading on Medium »
Towards Data Science 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 2d ago
Reparameterization Tricks: Variance Reduction by Smarter Gradients
How moving randomness outside the computation graph turns noisy gradient estimators into low-variance, differentiable ones The post Reparameterization Tricks: V
TypeScript Covariance and Contravariance Without the Theory: A Practical Guide to Generic Type…
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2d ago
TypeScript Covariance and Contravariance Without the Theory: A Practical Guide to Generic Type…
Most type safety breakdowns in TypeScript stem from misunderstanding variance. Learn how covariance and contravariance protect your… Continue reading on Medium
Towards Data Science 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 2d ago
Seizing the Moment: The Hidden Silhouette of Data
How statistical moments connect the mean, the variance, and higher powers of a distribution The post Seizing the Moment: The Hidden Silhouette of Data appeared
Towards Data Science 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 6d ago
The 95% Illusion: Why Your Confidence Interval Isn't What You Think It Is
Frequentist confidence intervals and Bayesian credible intervals answer different questions, and confusing them can distort product decisions The post The 95% I
Lord of the Algebras: Groups, Rings, and Semirings in C#
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 1w ago
Lord of the Algebras: Groups, Rings, and Semirings in C#
This article is part of “Abstract Algebra in .NET” Series Continue reading on Medium »
Dev.to AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 2w ago
Portfolio Optimization ML: Essential Alpha Strategies
Markets are noisy, correlations change, and yesterday’s optimal allocation can quickly become tomorrow’s hidden risk. Portfolio optimization ML addresses this c
Dev.to AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 3w ago
Portfolio Optimization ML: Proven Risk-Return Edge
Traditional portfolio models often assume that returns, volatility, and correlations remain relatively stable. Markets rarely cooperate. Portfolio optimization
FP32 to FP16 tensor cores: why naive wmma beats FP32 optimization
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 3w ago
FP32 to FP16 tensor cores: why naive wmma beats FP32 optimization
In my previous articles, I’ve tried optimizing a matrix multiplication kernel using different optimization techniques to get from 467 to… Continue reading on Me
How Did Archimedes Calculate Pi Without Measuring It
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3w ago
How Did Archimedes Calculate Pi Without Measuring It
Archimedes trapped π without ever measuring a circle. Continue reading on ThinkArt »
Why Negative Times Negative Is Positive
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4w ago
Why Negative Times Negative Is Positive
Six Ways to Understand the Rule Continue reading on ThinkArt »
“Let p be an odd prime” . {Part I}
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago
“Let p be an odd prime” . {Part I}
QUESTION. Proofs in number theory often remove the number 2 with the phrase “let p be an odd prime.” Why does mathematics remove its first… Continue reading on
The Quadratic Formula , Explained With Squares
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago
The Quadratic Formula , Explained With Squares
A 4,000-year-old rectangle-cutting trick that makes the scariest formula in algebra feel obvious Continue reading on ThinkArt »
Why This Beautiful Number Pattern Stops at Squares
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago
Why This Beautiful Number Pattern Stops at Squares
A surprising journey from consecutive integers to Fermat’s Last Theorem. Continue reading on ThinkArt »
Find ANY Square Root Using Heron’s Formula
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2mo ago
Find ANY Square Root Using Heron’s Formula
The Ancient Trick That Finds Any Square Root Almost Instantly Continue reading on ThinkArt »
SAT Conditional Probability Photo Solver
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2mo ago
SAT Conditional Probability Photo Solver
Conditional probability is one of those SAT math topics where the arithmetic is usually simple, but the wording can change everything. A… Continue reading on Me
Dev.to AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2mo ago
The Core Engine: How AI Matches External RFQ Requirements to Internal Machine Capacity
We need to produce 400-500 words article. Must be concise, professional, include title, intro, core, include specific tool name, mini-scenario, implementation s
Mastering Straight Line Equations Doesn’t Have to Be Difficult
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2mo ago
Mastering Straight Line Equations Doesn’t Have to Be Difficult
If you’ve ever stared at a graph wondering where the numbers came from, you’re not alone. The equation of a straight line is one of the… Continue reading on Med
Why the 3×3 Magic Square Is Unique
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2mo ago
Why the 3×3 Magic Square Is Unique
Nine numbers. Eight constraints. One solution Continue reading on ThinkArt »
Solving a Deeply Nested Equation
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 2mo ago
Solving a Deeply Nested Equation
Working from the Outside In Continue reading on Medium »
The Overloaded Equals Sign
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
The Overloaded Equals Sign
Every equals sign is a quiet decision about what to ignore — and that decision builds the integers, the real numbers, and the surface of a… Continue reading on
The Consecutive Integers Divisibility Trick
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
The Consecutive Integers Divisibility Trick
The elegant idea behind seemingly difficult proofs. Continue reading on ThinkArt »
Reddit r/learnprogramming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
Advice
I’m not trying to get into FAANG, I’m just someone who loves math and is using this as a tool to be a better business analyst. I won an award at work for creati
Dev.to AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
<think>
I gotta say, the user wants me to rewrite an article about open-source AI models via API pricing, written from a data scientist's perspective. Let me carefully
Euler’s equation
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
Euler’s equation
Euler’s equation is one of the most important achievements in the history of mathematics, establishing a deep connection between seemingly… Continue reading on
Dev.to AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 3mo ago
QSGD: Randomized Quantization for Communication-Optimal Stochastic GradientDescent
Reddit r/learnprogramming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
Should I do a pre-math block (pre-algebra to pre-calc) before starting OSSU CS?
Hello everyone, I'm planning to start the OSSU Computer Science curriculum soon to formalize my self-taught journey. Before diving into the official program, I'
Solving the Austrian Olympiad System (1997)
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 3mo ago
Solving the Austrian Olympiad System (1997)
A Hidden Ratio Trick Continue reading on ThinkArt »
MIT Integration Bee 2025 Problem
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4mo ago
MIT Integration Bee 2025 Problem
A Golden Ratio Integral Continue reading on ThinkArt »
How To Solve The Pythagoras Pie Puzzle?
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4mo ago
How To Solve The Pythagoras Pie Puzzle?
This is A mathematically delicious mystery Continue reading on Math Games »
The 2002 Harvard-MIT Math Problem
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4mo ago
The 2002 Harvard-MIT Math Problem
Solving an integral using structure instead of formulas. Continue reading on ThinkArt »
Dev.to AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations 4mo ago
Towards Optimal One Pass Large Scale Learning with Averaged Stochastic GradientDescent
Hidden Symmetry in a Tangent Integral
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4mo ago
Hidden Symmetry in a Tangent Integral
Flip the variable, unlock the structure Continue reading on ThinkArt »
I Spent 5 Years Making Math Animations. Here’s Everything I Wish I Knew on Day One.
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4mo ago
I Spent 5 Years Making Math Animations. Here’s Everything I Wish I Knew on Day One.
The first time I tried to make a math animation, I spent four hours staring at an error message I did not understand. Continue reading on Medium »
I Coded a 2026 Mathematical Finance Paper Into a MetaTrader 5 Bot — Here’s What Broke (And What…
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 4mo ago
I Coded a 2026 Mathematical Finance Paper Into a MetaTrader 5 Bot — Here’s What Broke (And What…
When optimal transport theory meets live forex trading: a deep dive into turning 43 pages of stochastic calculus into executable MQL5 code Continue reading on M
When Cosine and Dot Product Are Not Enough: Real Stories of Vector Search with Euclidean…
Medium · AI 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 5mo ago
When Cosine and Dot Product Are Not Enough: Real Stories of Vector Search with Euclidean…
Choosing the right distance is not a mathematical detail. Sometimes, it is the whole product. Continue reading on Data Science Collective »
The Ellipse Has Two Personalities
Medium · Programming 🔢 Mathematical Foundations ⚡ AI Lesson 5mo ago
The Ellipse Has Two Personalities
Same shape. One formula a child can memorize. The other broke mathematicians for two thousand years. Continue reading on Medium »