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Large Language Models

Deep dives into GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama and the transformers powering modern AI

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LLM Foundations

Explain how transformers generate text

Write zero-shot and few-shot prompts

LLM Engineering

Call LLM APIs with function/tool use

Fine-tuning LLMs

Prepare fine-tuning datasets

Multimodal LLMs

Use GPT-4V / Claude Vision for image understanding

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ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Evidence for Limited Metacognition in LLMs

arXiv:2509.21545v2 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The possibility of LLM self-awareness and even sentience is gaining increasing public attention and has major

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Leveraging Computerized Adaptive Testing for Cost-effective Evaluation of Large Language Models in Medical Benchmarking

arXiv:2603.23506v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare creates an urgent need for scalable and

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Beyond Masks: Efficient, Flexible Diffusion Language Models via Deletion-Insertion Processes

arXiv:2603.23507v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: While Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLMs) relying on token masking and unmasking have shown promise in la

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Internal Safety Collapse in Frontier Large Language Models

arXiv:2603.23509v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This work identifies a critical failure mode in frontier large language models (LLMs), which we term Internal

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Visuospatial Perspective Taking in Multimodal Language Models

arXiv:2603.23510v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As multimodal language models (MLMs) are increasingly used in social and collaborative settings, it is crucial

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

S-Path-RAG: Semantic-Aware Shortest-Path Retrieval Augmented Generation for Multi-Hop Knowledge Graph Question Answering

arXiv:2603.23512v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We present S-Path-RAG, a semantic-aware shortest-path Retrieval-Augmented Generation framework designed to imp

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

DepthCharge: A Domain-Agnostic Framework for Measuring Depth-Dependent Knowledge in Large Language Models

arXiv:2603.23514v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models appear competent when answering general questions but often fail when pushed into domain

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Training a Large Language Model for Medical Coding Using Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Clinical Data

arXiv:2603.23515v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Improving the accuracy and reliability of medical coding reduces clinician burnout and supports revenue cycle

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

MSA: Memory Sparse Attention for Efficient End-to-End Memory Model Scaling to 100M Tokens

arXiv:2603.23516v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Long-term memory is a cornerstone of human intelligence. Enabling AI to process lifetime-scale information rem

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Beyond Accuracy: Introducing a Symbolic-Mechanistic Approach to Interpretable Evaluation

arXiv:2603.23517v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Accuracy-based evaluation cannot reliably distinguish genuine generalization from shortcuts like memorization,

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Cluster-R1: Large Reasoning Models Are Instruction-following Clustering Agents

arXiv:2603.23518v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: General-purpose embedding models excel at recognizing semantic similarities but fail to capture the characteri

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

MedMT-Bench: Can LLMs Memorize and Understand Long Multi-Turn Conversations in Medical Scenarios?

arXiv:2603.23519v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various specialist domains and h

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

From Physician Expertise to Clinical Agents: Preserving, Standardizing, and Scaling Physicians' Medical Expertise with Lightweight LLM

arXiv:2603.23520v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Medicine is an empirical discipline refined through long-term observation and the messy, high-variance reality

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Chitrakshara: A Large Multilingual Multimodal Dataset for Indian languages

arXiv:2603.23521v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multimodal research has predominantly focused on single-image reasoning, with limited exploration of multi-ima

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Qworld: Question-Specific Evaluation Criteria for LLMs

arXiv:2603.23522v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on open-ended questions is difficult because response quality depends

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Navigating the Concept Space of Language Models

arXiv:2603.23524v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on large language model activations output thousands of features that enabl

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Konkani LLM: Multi-Script Instruction Tuning and Evaluation for a Low-Resource Indian Language

arXiv:2603.23529v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently under perform in low-resource linguistic contexts such as Konkani. T

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Did You Forget What I Asked? Prospective Memory Failures in Large Language Models

arXiv:2603.23530v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models often fail to satisfy formatting instructions when they must simultaneously perform dema

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Generating Hierarchical JSON Representations of Scientific Sentences Using LLMs

arXiv:2603.23532v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This paper investigates whether structured representations can preserve the meaning of scientific sentences. T

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

MDKeyChunker: Single-Call LLM Enrichment with Rolling Keys and Key-Based Restructuring for High-Accuracy RAG

arXiv:2603.23533v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: RAG pipelines typically rely on fixed-size chunking, which ignores document structure, fragments semantic unit

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Large Language Models and Scientific Discourse: Where's the Intelligence?

arXiv:2603.23543v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We explore the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by comparing the way they gather data with the way

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

CAPTCHA Solving for Native GUI Agents: Automated Reasoning-Action Data Generation and Self-Corrective Training

arXiv:2603.23559v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: GUI agents are rapidly shifting from multi-module pipelines to end-to-end, native vision-language models (VLMs

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Synthetic Mixed Training: Scaling Parametric Knowledge Acquisition Beyond RAG

arXiv:2603.23562v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Synthetic data augmentation helps language models learn new knowledge in data-constrained domains. However, na

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Safe Reinforcement Learning with Preference-based Constraint Inference

arXiv:2603.23565v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Safe reinforcement learning (RL) is a standard paradigm for safety-critical decision making. However, real-wor

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

AscendOptimizer: Episodic Agent for Ascend NPU Operator Optimization

arXiv:2603.23566v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: AscendC (Ascend C) operator optimization on Huawei Ascend neural processing units (NPUs) faces a two-fold know

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

StateLinFormer: Stateful Training Enhancing Long-term Memory in Navigation

arXiv:2603.23571v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Effective navigation intelligence relies on long-term memory to support both immediate generalization and sust

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Dual-Criterion Curriculum Learning: Application to Temporal Data

arXiv:2603.23573v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Curriculum Learning (CL) is a meta-learning paradigm that trains a model by feeding the data instances increme

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

PoiCGAN: A Targeted Poisoning Based on Feature-Label Joint Perturbation in Federated Learning

arXiv:2603.23574v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Federated Learning (FL), as a popular distributed learning paradigm, has shown outstanding performance in impr

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

APreQEL: Adaptive Mixed Precision Quantization For Edge LLMs

arXiv:2603.23575v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Today, large language models have demonstrated their strengths in various tasks ranging from reasoning, code g

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Wafer-Level Etch Spatial Profiling for Process Monitoring from Time-Series with Time-LLM

arXiv:2603.23576v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Understanding wafer-level spatial variations from in-situ process signals is essential for advanced plasma etc

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

LLMORPH: Automated Metamorphic Testing of Large Language Models

arXiv:2603.23611v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Automated testing is essential for evaluating and improving the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs), y

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

LLMLOOP: Improving LLM-Generated Code and Tests through Automated Iterative Feedback Loops

arXiv:2603.23613v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are showing remarkable performance in generating source code, yet the generated c

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

A Theory of LLM Information Susceptibility

arXiv:2603.23626v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as optimization modules in agentic systems, yet the fun

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Swiss-Bench SBP-002: A Frontier Model Comparison on Swiss Legal and Regulatory Tasks

arXiv:2603.23646v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: While recent work has benchmarked large language models on Swiss legal translation (Niklaus et al., 2025) and

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Probing Ethical Framework Representations in Large Language Models: Structure, Entanglement, and Methodological Challenges

arXiv:2603.23659v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: When large language models make ethical judgments, do their internal representations distinguish between norma

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Prototype Fusion: A Training-Free Multi-Layer Approach to OOD Detection

arXiv:2603.23677v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in safety-critical applications, where reliable out-of-distribu

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

PLACID: Privacy-preserving Large language models for Acronym Clinical Inference and Disambiguation

arXiv:2603.23678v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) offer transformative solutions across many domains, but healthcare integration is

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Assessment Design in the AI Era: A Method for Identifying Items Functioning Differentially for Humans and Chatbots

arXiv:2603.23682v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in education raises profound challenges for assessment desi

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

The Diminishing Returns of Early-Exit Decoding in Modern LLMs

arXiv:2603.23701v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, early-exit refers to stopping computation at an intermediate layer on

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Self Paced Gaussian Contextual Reinforcement Learning

arXiv:2603.23755v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Curriculum learning improves reinforcement learning (RL) efficiency by sequencing tasks from simple to complex

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Human-in-the-Loop Pareto Optimization: Trade-off Characterization for Assist-as-Needed Training and Performance Evaluation

arXiv:2603.23777v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: During human motor skill training and physical rehabilitation, there is an inherent trade-off between task dif

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Probabilistic Geometric Alignment via Bayesian Latent Transport for Domain-Adaptive Foundation Models

arXiv:2603.23783v2 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Adapting large-scale foundation models to new domains with limited supervision remains a fundamental challenge

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

The Cognitive Firewall:Securing Browser Based AI Agents Against Indirect Prompt Injection Via Hybrid Edge Cloud Defense

arXiv:2603.23791v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Deploying large language models (LLMs) as autonomous browser agents exposes a significant attack surface in th

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Object Search in Partially-Known Environments via LLM-informed Model-based Planning and Prompt Selection

arXiv:2603.23800v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We present a novel LLM-informed model-based planning framework, and a novel prompt selection method, for objec

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Deep Neural Regression Collapse

arXiv:2603.23805v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Neural Collapse is a phenomenon that helps identify sparse and low rank structures in deep classifiers. Recent

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Willful Disobedience: Automatically Detecting Failures in Agentic Traces

arXiv:2603.23806v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: AI agents are increasingly embedded in real software systems, where they execute multi-step workflows through

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Perturbation: A simple and efficient adversarial tracer for representation learning in language models

arXiv:2603.23821v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Linguistic representation learning in deep neural language models (LMs) has been studied for decades, for both

ArXiv cs.AI 🧠 Large Language Models 📄 Paper ⚡ AI Lesson 1mo ago

Circuit Complexity of Hierarchical Knowledge Tracing and Implications for Log-Precision Transformers

arXiv:2603.23823v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Knowledge tracing models mastery over interconnected concepts, often organized by prerequisites. We analyze hi