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you again for this lesson. I am teacher purity and remember this is still manifested e-learning forum. So we are still continuing our topic on personal hygiene and we are going to learn about care of personal items and we are going to start with care of a handkerchief. Now during our previous lesson we learned about how we can make personal items. Making personal items is using the materials that are available. Now we we say that you can make a toothbrush from a chewed stick. So a chewed stick can be used as a toothbrush. We can also make a handkerchie from a old piece of cloth. We can make a handkerchie from an old piece of cloth. And make sure that you clean the piece of cloth. Let it dry. Then you cut a small piece of it. Then we can also make a face towel from an old piece of cloth. So the a toothbrush, a handkerchief or a face towel, it's not a must for you to go and buy it from the shop or the market. You can still use the old pieces of cloth at home to make them. So today we are going to learn to learn about the care of personal items. And we shall start with the first one which is a handkerchief. Care of personal items. This one means how you are supposed to clean the items that you use at home. The personal items that you have. For this case, we shall start with a handkerchief. Now a handkerchief is a personal item that we use to clean our nose. So, we use we use a hand cutie to clean. to clean our nose. We use a handkerchief to clean our nose. When your nose is that you are going to use a handkerchief. Now this handkerchief is is also used when you are sneezing. You cover you cover your nose using a handkerchief when sneezing. So we cover our nose with a hand cutie when sneezing. So we cover our nose with a handkerchief when sneezing. When you are sneezing, make sure that you are covering your nose using a handkerchief. Now for instance, I have my handkerchief here. When you are sneezing, you are supposed to hold your handkerchief like this and cover the nose. Cover cover the nose with it like this. Why are you covering the nose with your handkerchief? to avoid contraction of germs by other people. So we cover our nose with a handkerchief when sneezing. Another thing, do not blow. Do not do not blow your nose using fingers. So do not blow your nose using fingers. The work of a handkerchief is to help us to clean our nose. So when blowing your nose, make sure that you are using your handkerchief and not your fingers. You cannot blow your nose using your fingers. Make sure that you are using the handkerchief. Why are you using a handkerchief? Now when you use the handkerchief, you are preventing the spread of germs to other people. So we use a handkerchief to prevent the spread of germs to other people. We use a hand cutie to prevent to prevent the spread of germs. to other people. So, we use a handkerchief to prevent the spread of germs to other people. When you cover your nose, your germs are not going to spread to other people. it will already have been prevented by the handkerchief. So make sure anytime that you are blowing your nose, use your handkerchief. Anytime that you are sneezing, you can use your handkerchief to cover the nose. Or if you do not have a handkerchief, cover your nose with an elbow. So the work of a handkerchief, number one, we use a handkerchief to clean our nose. Handkerchief is what we use to clean our nose. Number two, we cover our nose with a handkerchief when sneezing. If you have a co if you have a cold or flu, you can sneeze and therefore during sneezing, make sure that you are using a handkerchief. Number three, do not blow your nose using fingers. Blowing your nose is when you are removing mucus from the nose. So, do not use your fingers when blowing the nose. And lastly, use a we use a handkerchief to prevent the spread of germs to other people. That is the reason why we are using a handkerchief to prevent the spread of germs to other people. Always remember that you are not supposed to share a handkerchief. A handkerchief is a personal item. Remember personal items are not supposed to be shared. So it is the same with the handkerchief. Your handkerchief cannot be used by any other person. Neither can you use another person's handkerchief. So this these are the uses of a handkerchief. Make sure that you master them. In our next lesson, I shall teach you on how we clean the handkerchief. Make sure that you attend and come with your handkerchief so that you can be washing along. Meanwhile, I'm going to give you an assignment. Copy the questions in your exercise book and make sure that you answer them. So the assignment number one write down three uses of a handkerchief. So you write for me the uses of a handkerchief in the blank space A, B, and C. And question two, draw and color a handkerchief. You'll draw and color for me a handkerchief. So copy the questions and make sure that you are answering them. And after finishing to answer your work, go through it just to check if there is a mistake that you've committed or something that you have left out. So, hope to see you in the next lesson. Have a wonderful time. Welcome to Manifested Publishers. >> Hello boys and girls. Welcome to Manifested E-learning Platform. I am teacher Purity and I'll be teaching you English activities for grade one. Now, allow me to welcome you to this class. Most of you are very excited. You are anxious. you want to learn more in this class. So let's talk about English activities as a subject in grade one. In English activities, we shall learn about sentences. We shall read stories. There are there are lessons that we shall require to draw others. We shall even have some roles to play. So make sure that you are enjoying learning English and do not miss out on any lesson. To start we shall have our new topic which is about a new class and under a new class we shall learn listening and speaking meaning that for this lesson we are only going to listen and speak. Listening means when I'm giving out instructions you are following when I tell you to participate you can as well participate in the lesson and under listening and speaking we shall look at a picture and talk about the pictures. Then later we shall have other things to talk about. Now for listening and speaking we shall talk about things in a class. Things found in a class things found in a class. Let me take you back when you your very first day in school. How did you feel? How did you re react the very first you are brought to school by either your parents, your aunt, your father. What was your reaction seeing people around? You see new faces and all of you are putting on the same uniform. I know most of you were wondering others even cry. You want to go back home because the people who are around you are not familiar and others are happy to be in school. The very first day when you are coming to school baby class you are too young. You did not you did not know how to write. you don't know how to use a pencil or a book. So each of us has a different experience of his or her first day in school. Now things found in a class. What is a class? A class is a place where pupils learn. A class is a place where pupils learn. So a class A class is a place where pupils learn. So we all learn in a class and things that are found in a class help us to read and write or to learn. So a class is a place where pupils learn. I'm going to show you a picture of a class. Then we shall talk about the picture. Now the picture is on the second page of our English textbooks. Now look at the picture. So let's talk about the picture. What can you see in the picture? Now can see there is a blackboard and on the blackboard we have a teacher probably she might be teaching the children or the pupils. Then we also have a table and a chair for the teacher in front of the class. Now the dust bin, remember that a dust bin is a place where we dispose waste and in a class we have waste of of papers, chips of pencil. So the learners or the students throw the waste in the dust bin. Then the learners are seated on desks and chairs. And beside some of the learners, they have their bags. And the bags they put in their exercise books. We also have exercise books of course on top of the desks. Some of the learners have exercise books on top of the desks. Some of them are holding pencils or rather pens. they are holding pens or pencils, they will use it to learn. So that's what we can see in the picture. The picture that has been shown here is just an example of how a class looks like or some of the things that are found in a class. Remember things that are found in in a class help us to read and write or rather to learn. So you can't say that a teacher is a thing or a learner is a thing. No, a learner or a teacher. These are people. Therefore, they are not things. So, those are some of the things that are found in a class. Now, let me take you back to your own class, back to your school. What is found in your class? Can check around the class and think of some of the things that are found in your own class, not in the class that you have seen in the picture. So whatever you are seeing in your class is what is found in any other class and in different schools. So let's list down some of the things that are found in a class. So examples examples. Let's start with what you've seen in the textbook. We have blackboard. Blackboard. The teacher writes on the blackboard. Then we have then we have chairs. Chairs can either be used by the teacher or the learners. Then we have desks where learners put their books while writing. Then we also have tables. Tables. And of course because the learners are using the tables to write while the teacher uses the table to mark learner's work or books. The learners have exercise books where they write. So we can also have exercise books in a class. The learners write in an exercise book while they read a textbook. So textbooks are also found in a class. What else can we find in a class? We've seen that the class has a dust bin for disposing litter. Dust bin. We also have pencils. also have rulers. Then on the walls of the class, a teacher can hang some charts for you to read and many many more things. So these are just some of the things that I found in a classroom. We have a blackboard. Now a blackboard is always used by the teacher to when he or she is teaching and teachers use a piece of chalk to write on the blackboard. We also have white boards where we use what you call a white board marker to write on the board. Now this whatever I have in my hands is what you call whiteboard marker. We do not use a chalk on a white board. And an example of a whiteboard is what we are using for this lesson. This is a white board. And teachers use white board markers to write on a white board while they use a piece of chalk or pieces of chalks to write on the black board. Then we have chairs where the learners sit or the teacher. We have desks where we place our books while writing. tables also. Then we have rulers. Rulers are used by learners to make their work look neat. So this is an example of a ruler. We have very many types of rulers. So this is just a sample of it. And learners use rulers to make lines in their exercise books. Then we have exercise books. What do we use the exercise books for? Now, exercise books are used by learners to write the teacher's work. When the teacher gives you work, you're going to copy it in your exercise book. So, this is an exercise book where you copy your work and notes. So, this is what you call an exercise book and you are supposed to take care of your exercise book. How do you take care of your exercise book? By make sure that your book is covered. you cover it very well. And when you are writing, make sure you're not folding the edges of the book or at the corner of each page. That one will make your book to look ugly or even will be torn. Now the next the next thing that is found in a class we have text books. Textbooks are used by learners to read. when the when the teacher wants you to read something, he will he or she will refer you to a textbook and also give you a page. So we have textbooks in a class. I have a few textbooks here. Have a mathematics textbook. Then we have very many textbooks in a class. We also have a CR textbook, hygiene and nutrition. So these are some of the textbooks that are found in a class. Then there is a dust bin. As I said earlier, we throw rubbish in a dust bin. And in a class, we also have dust or wastes. And waste that can be found in a class are pieces of paper, chips of pencil, remains of fruits. So you do not just throw them anyhow. you are going to dispose them in a dust bin. Then we have pencils. You use pencils to write. And lastly, we have charts. Charts help us to learn a lot of things. When you come to school in the morning, instead of making noise, you'll read the charts that are on the wall. So this is an example of a chart. So this is what we call a chart. The teacher writes the chart and hangs the them on the wall for you to read. So it is good make it a norm for you to read the charts each and every day you come to school. Apart from whatever we have on the board, there are very many things that are in class. For example, we have chalks where the teacher uses the chalks. We also have duster. We use the duster to clean the board. either a black board or a white board. You will use a duster. So apart from a duster, we also have what we call a meter rule. Meter rules are used by teachers to make lines on the board. So this is what we call a meter rule. It is very long. We call it a meter rule. And you cannot use a meter rule in your exercise book. No, it is only used by teachers to make lines on the board. So these all about things that are found in a class. Remember that a class is a place where pupils learn. And the things that are found in a class help us to learn. The things that help us to read. Things that help us to write are wrote are found in a class. So I'm going to give you some work on whatever we've learned today. You write for me some of the things that are found in your class. Then after writing them, you will also draw for me some of those things. So take your exercise book and copy the work. Now the exercise, the first question reads, write down three things found in your class. Write down three things found in your class. You're going to write down three things that are found in your class. Then the second question is guiding you. Draw the things you have listed above. So whatever you are going to write in the blank spaces provided in the first question is what you will draw. For example, if you write let's say book and you must say you must say which type of book if it is an exercise book or a textbook. So let's say it is an exercise book. So exercise book you will come and draw an exercise book in the second question. So answer the questions number one and two. Remember to draw and as you draw, use a pencil that has a good font. Hope to see you next time. Have a lovely moment. Hello learners, welcome today to session three or lesson three uh where we want to look at long run analysis of costs. Long run analysis of costs. Long run analysis of costs. Uh so in the short run we said uh that this is normally a period where at least one factor must be fixed and the other should be variable. Uh in the long run is where all factors can be varied and therefore we do not have any uh like law of diminishing returns to variable factor because we are assuming that all factors can be varied. Varied meaning we can interchangeably uh vary the proportions of different factors. Why? Because they will not remain constant as in the case of shortrun analysis. So what operates in the long run is uh the economies or these economies of scale. So when the farm factors can be varied the farm can either experience economies of scale or these economies of scale. So in this lesson we want to look at economies of scale in relation to internal economies of scale. So what are economies of scale? Economies of scale are simply those advantages that a farm enjoys after it has expanded. We normally have what we refer to as an optimal size of a farm. And an optimal size of a farm is simply that efficient size that a farm can have so that is able to produce at the minimum or the lowest uh production cost per per unit so that it has no option of either increasing or uh decreasing uh its uh level of output. So in that case we say that the farm is operating at its optimal uh size and that's when economies of scale will come in. So in economies of scale we want to begin with internal internal economies of scale. So what are internal economies of scale? These are uh those benefits or I refer to them as advantages that a firm can experience that are coming from within. They have nothing to do with the outside. What are what are the happenings that are happening in the organization like when the farm has expanded that can be a benefit to the to the farm that's what we refer to as internal economies of of scale. So they are as follows. we have what we refer to as technical economies of scale. So technical economies of scale like when a farm increases in its size uh it is normally able to use sophisticated or modern technology and when it is using modern technology it will be able to increase its level of output than that farm that has not expanded. And under technical economies of scale we have uh such benefits like what we refer to as indivisibilities. So what are indivisibilities? Indivisibility simply where a thumb is able to take advantage of a process. A process uh that cannot be reproduced on small on small scale. So one of the techni uh tech technical economies that a farm will enjoy is what we refer to as indivisibilities. An indivisibility is simply where a farm is able to take advantage of a a particular process that cannot be reproduced on small scale. So that simply means this farm uh will have a process or a particular process which a small farm cannot cannot have. Like for example when a farm has a a particular uh machine that can enable it to produce and when it is producing it is producing to in large scale or in large quantities which a small farm cannot be able to produce. Why? Because a small farm produces on small scale. We say it is enjoying uh benefit of indivisibility. We have another one which we refer to as increased dimension. uh increased dimension. Uh increased dimension is uh where a firm can increase uh its equipment. Can increase the capacity of its equipment uh so that it is able to produce uh to produce a larger output without increasing costs. that is increasing without increasing production production cost. So increased dimension is where when a farm has a particular equipment, it can decide to enlarge or to increase the capacity of that uh equipment so that is able to produce a larger output than what it has been producing before without necessarily increasing the production cost. I can give an example like uh for this commercial uh services you you have been having or owning a mat. A mat has one driver and then because your business has enlarged you now decide to to bring in a bus. So a bus still will need one driver uh but the capacity is is more large than that of a mat. So in that case uh that benefit is called increased what dimension. You are producing more but you you are not necessarily increasing the the production cost and if it is there then it is very minimal. And then number three uh sorry Roman 3 uh still part of technical uh economies of scale we have another benefit of linked processes. So linked processes is simply where a firm can link up its processes that can enable it. Enable it. minimize its costs. So linked processes is where like we have farms uh that buy raw materials and once they buy those raw materials uh they use the raw materials in the production of goods and services and then once they have produced goods and services they again market for those goods and services before they are sold. So linked processes is simply where a farm can decide to supply for itself raw materials as well as produce the goods. It can even go up and do the marketing by itself. So that it is reducing cost such as um fuel cost. You don't need to like get raw materials from another supplier, bring them before you produce. You simply have a portion where you are supplying raw materials. So instead of buying them from outside, you simply use what you already have and then you will be able to do what to produce using minimal costs. Why minimal cost? Because we will cut cost to do with uh cost to do with transportation etc. Those are called linked processes. And then we also have another one still on uh technical economies called specialization. Uh specialization. So specialization can be where a farm where a farm can specialize like in terms of machinery and labor so that uh so that it produces what's quality for that it produces what is quality. So specialization is where a farm can simply decide like to specialize on a particular machine. So it buys a special machine that will enable you to produce what is quality or have a specific class of workers who are able to help in production of that which is quality. So like when we talk of competition what happens because they will be producing what is quality their products will be more competitive than of those other farms. And then we can also talk about research. Uh still under technical economies. Research is like when a farm has grown it has an ability of conducting a market research. Like whenever it wants to introduce a new good or a new product, it can be able to know the what are the needs what are the taste and preferences of uh the people before it can design and produce what is to satisfy the need of uh its customers uh which may not be so with small farms. So research is where a farm uh will be in position to conduct a market research. a market research uh which can enable it to produce uh to produce uh that which satisfies its customers. And when that happens that means profitability of the farm will will increase. When customers are satisfied with what you produce, they will buy more. And when the more they buy, the more you do what? The more you'll make profit. That was number one. Then number two, we have what we refer to as financial economies. Uh so financial economies is where when the farm uh grows or enlarges, it normally has uh more in terms of assets and for example whenever it wants to raise like a loan or funds from a financial institution, it is in proper position to provide security or what we refer to as collateral. And because of that they will always uh raise uh funds at a lower uh rate like in terms of interest than those that are small farms. So financial economies is where is where a farm uh is able is able to raise to raise funds from financial from financial institutions at a lower at a lower cost. Why? because at a low cost because uh because it is in position to raise assets that can be used as can be used as collateral that can be used as collateral. Uh then number three we have marketing economies. Economies [clears throat] marketing economies. Uh so marketing economies is where when a farm expands it will be able to uh like take advantage uh in buying in bulk. When a farm buys in bulk, it will enjoy quantity discounts. And when it enjoys quantity discounts, it means [clears throat] that it will buying at a lower cost than what others will be buying at. And therefore, it will be always saving in terms of uh purchase. And then it can also enjoy economies to do with packaging. When it is packaging in large quantities, it is more cheaper than when packaging in small small quantities. And then when it comes to selling and even distribution it will have that advantage. So marketing economies uh these are normally in form of like uh uh buying in bulk buying in bulk. Uh this enables enables the farm to take advantage of quantity of quantity discount. Hence, hence buying at a lower price which makes them to save in terms of [snorts] the purchase price. We also have packaging. Packaging is where uh since sorry I can just say packaging in large quantities. Packaging in large quantities enables a farm to save rather than packing in small. Why? Because when we pack in large quantities, the cost is normally spread on those units that are packaged in that one package. But when you are packaging in small small quantities then that simply means that you will incur a higher cost than a farm that is packaging in in large quantities. And then number four we have diversification. Uh [clears throat] diversification is where when a farm enlarges it is uh it has an ability of even uh producing more products like it can introduce new products. Why? because it has an ability to do that. So like for example when where there is competition or when it is facing competition with other farms, it can decide to introduce new farms uh sorry new products which can enable to uh fight that competition and that enables it to continue remaining on the market. So diversification is simply where a firm uh is in position to introduce new products. A farm is in position to introduce new products that can lead to increased profits as well as acting as a riskmanagement uh strategy. And then number five we have riskbearing riskbearing economies. So what are riskbearing economies? Like when a farm expands, it can be able to predict risks better than small farms. Uh why? Because like when it is conducting a market research, it will be able to know uh what are the advantages, what are the disadvantages of its product, who are the competitors. And because of that, it can simply be able to use SWAT analysis so that it is able to do what to minimize its risks than a small a small farm. So riskbearing economies we say that a large a large firm is able to predict uh to predict risks than a small farm. Why? It has an ability to conduct a market research. can conduct us water analysis than a small farm. So those are the internal economies of scale. Uh then we have disadvantages or dis internal diseconomies can look at that shortly. Internal diseconomies of scale. So in our next lesson we'll be looking at internal diseconomies of scale. So learners have a a good day. This ends or marks the end of our session. >> Welcome to manifested publishers. >> Welcome back to manifested e-learning platform. I am still teacher purity and I'm still taking you through English activities grade one. This is lesson three, unit one. Now we are continuing with the sound A. We had already introduced ourselves to sound A during the previous lesson. So welcome again and make sure that you are paying attention because at the end of this lesson, I will require you to read more words or even name more words that have sound a. Now we say that the words that have sound are either at the beginning or in the middle. And in the previous lesson we looked at a few examples. So we are going to learn more examples of words that have sound a. So let's quickly go through the examples. Now, examples of words with sound a. Now, examples of words with sound ah. Here are more examples of such words. And in these words, we have others that have sound I the middle and others at the beginning. So let's start by reading the words. I will read them as you listen. Then I shall guide you on what to do. Now the first word is mango. Mango. Antelope. Antelope. Ant. Ant. Answer. Answer. Acrobat. Acrobat. Ash. [snorts] Ash. Amazing. Amazing. Jam. Jam. Actor. Actor. I shall start again. Mango. Antelope. Ant answer. Acrobat ash. Amazing. Jam actor. So I want to read the words as you repeat after me. The first word, mango. Mango. Antelope. Antelope. Ants. Ants. Answer. Answer. Acrobat. Acrobat. Ash. Ash. Amazing. Amazing jam. Jam actor. Actor. Now these are examples of words with sound ah. We just adding more on what we had already learned. Now the first word is mango. Of course mango. A mango is a fruit and a ripe mango has a sweet taste. Then we have antelope. An antelope is a wild animal. Then we have the word ant. Who is an aunt? An aunt is the sister to your mother or your father. Your mother's sister or your mother's sister or your father's sister is your aunt. Then answer. Answer is a feedback you give after you've been asked a question. For example, if I ask you what is your name? Then you tell me my name is Mary. Now my name is Mary is an answer to the question I asked. Then there is acrobat. Who is an acrobat? An acrobat is a person who practices acrobatics. When you go out during events or when you visit showrooms, we always have these people we call acrobats. They do very complicated exercise and and tactics. Then we have ash. Ash is the remain of firewood. When you cook and the soft part of the fire that has already been burnt is what we call ash. And ash is gray in color. Then we have amazing. Something that is amazing. Is something that is very pleasing. It is pleasant to your eyes. It makes you feel good. Then jam. Jam, we have jam that we apply on our bread. When you want to take your breakfast, you can prefer to apply jam on the bread or we also have what we call traffic jam. When there is a lot of vehicles and they are not moving or rather they are moving in a slow motion. Then the last word is the is actor. Who is an actor? An actor is a person who performs different things. For example, drama. We have different actors who act local movies and even international movies. We call them actors. So these are just more examples of words with sound ah. Now let's look at the exercise or rather the assignment I gave you in the last lesson where you are required to read the following words and the words are here. So read the following words. Now these are the words that you're supposed to read. The instructions were guiding you to read them. I want I want us to go through the words together so that if there is any word you weren't able to read, you'll have the correct pronunciation. Now let's start with the first word. The first word is axe. Axe. Then class. class angle. angle then arrow arrow then van van yam yam hat. The last word, clap. I read the words one more time. Axe, class, angle, a arrow, van, yam, hat, clap. So, let's read together. We are reading together. Read along with me. Axe class angle a arrow van yam hat club clap. So that is how you are supposed to read the words that I gave you. If there is any word you are not able to read, hope that you now have the correct pronunciation and you will reread the word again during your own free time. Now I'm going to add you more words on sound a and in the next lesson we shall be learning about a different sound. So make sure that you don't miss out. We are learning new things. Remember this is grade one and it is English activities. We want to know more. So, make sure you aren't missing the next lesson. Meanwhile, let's copy these words down. Shall I practice reading Now you have these words. Copy them in your exercise book and you shall do it. Do the exercise according to the instructions given. Now the instruction says practice reading the following words. Practice reading the following words. The words are here. They are eight words. Make sure that you're copying them in your exercise book and also reading them. Thanks for being good listeners. I have been teacher purity. >> Enroll your child with the manifested e-learning platform and see their grades grow tremendously. These videos can be downloaded to a laptop for offline viewing or viewed from a smartphone in a coursefriendly format. Hi everyone and welcome to [music] business studies lesson. The uh topic is business and its environment. In our last lesson we discussed the various reasons why people engage in business. Today we want to uh discuss the various business activities that people get involved in. So the subtopic is business activities. So we have the so subject is business studies. This is from one work and uh the subtopic here is business activities. business activities. That's what we want to learn today. Business activities, people carry out different uh business activities in order to earn income. That's what we learned last time. And and business activities are those which involve the provision of goods and services with an aim of earning profit. um with an a of earning profit. Learners when people engage in activities whose intention is not to earn profit then they are referred to as non business activities. But if you engage in a business activity and you want to earn profit then that is what we are referring to as business. But when you engage in an activity with intention of not earning profit, we call that that activity non-b businessiness profit. For example, um going to fish uh for sale to customers. You go to the lake or to the river, you extract fish. All right? and you sell to customers then that is a business activ is a business activity. But if you fish and consume the fish that is referred to as non-b businessiness activity because you did not sell it to earn profit. Okay. There I've met uh some musicians in studio somewhere who told me that um I asked them why they are doing music. They told me they are not doing the music for sale. They used a shen word they said. All right. We are doing music. So that means they are doing music for the sake of it. they have no intention of they had no intention of selling the music. So there are certain activities which people engage in. I can also give an example of farming. All right. When there are people who farm so that they can use the produce for own consumption that is non-b businessiness farming non-b businessiness activity. But if you farm for the purpose of selling the farm produce to other people to earn profit then that will be categorized as business activity. In this lesson we want to give different categories of business activities. Business activity that's what we want to do in our today's lesson. Business I'll use a diagram. business activities. I'll use a diagram. Okay. The first one is extraction. Extraction. Extraction. This is the first category. Under extraction, we have many business activities. extraction from the word extract. Now, activities in this category involve the obtaining of natural resources from the earth. Obtaining natural resources from the earth. For example, um activi these activities may include what we call quiring. Quiring. wearing that is extraction of stones from the earth or mining. Another example is mining. You have he had people who dig into the earth to produce minerals like gold and so on. Okay. So that is a mining activity. Another one is lumbering and included in this category is fishing. Fishing is a extraction of fish from the water. Okay, that is fall falls under category of extra extraction. So the extraction activities that fall under extraction are the activities that involve obtaining natural resources from the earth and I've given examples quiring, mining, uh lumbering, fishing and so on. The second category of business activity is processing. Processing. Processing. Processing. Processing activities are those activities that involve the the conversion of raw materials into more useful products. There are some materials that cannot be consumed in their raw form. These materials have to be processed or converted into more useful products. Okay. And this include milling of FL. Okay, milling of FL. This is done in the portion meal. Conversion of iron into steel. Iron is extracted from the earth. But if you just have iron, you cannot use it very much unless you you process it to get uh steel. There is also turning of skins and hides into leather. Okay, skins when skins are taken from animals may not be very useful until they are turned um into leather. When you have leather, you can now do uh produce products like belts, we have leather jackets, we have leather uh shoes and so on. So that is processing. You can also include under processing the refining of oil. When you have crude oil from the ground, that oil can be more useful if it is refined. refined oil. So that's uh another category of um business activities extraction uh processing. We want to discuss a third one. The third one is manufacturing. Manufacturing. Manufacturing. Manu Facturing. I have another friend who says manufacturing. Manufacturing. All right. But the correct pronunciation, the right pronunciation is manufacturing. Manufacturing. So activities in these categories involve changing of raw materials into goods in their finished form. Okay. Such activities include bread making, cement making, car manufacturing and so on. These are all business activities. Those who um bake bread, okay, bread baking, they are doing it, most of them do it for business activities, though that can also be done for home use. We have cement making. Cement making is done for business activities. I'm yet to meet someone who does cement making just for the fun of it. It's very rare. have not seen it that someone can manufacture cement just for the love of it because we see manufacturing cement is very that process is expensive. So people who manufacture cement they do it for for business including those who manufacture cars. You don't just manufacture car for the love of it or for home use. When you do manufacturing of cars because it involves a lot of capital then you may want to have return on that capital you want to recoup or recover the invested capital. So manufacturing another activity is construction. Pawns traction is another category of business activities. This involves the building of structures such as ships big structures such as ships, airplanes, houses, houses, a big structure, bridges, railways, roads and so on. Okay. Construction. Those who build roads uh they engage in business activities. Those who build airplanes, houses, construction of houses, construction of bridges, construction of railways and so on. That's another category of business activities. Then another one is distribution. Distribution of goods. Distribution of goods. This involves the transportation of goods from one place to another place. For example, from the farms to the market. And there are those who engage in such activities. Sometimes we call it trade. Okay. from the farms to the market, from point A to point B, from the producer to the user. Another good example is a wholesalers. Wholesalers buy goods in large quantities, then break the goods down to sell to the final consumers or to sell to retailers. So, distribution of of of goods, it involves trade. H activities in this category involves buying and selling of goods and these activities um uh such as selling we are talking about for example selling clothes operating shops selling meat okay buying and selling meat or vegetables or milk and so on distribution ition, distribution of goods. Then we have services learners other than just goods we have services. are vis services uh activities in this category of services uh involve human acts which could be mental or physical such as hairdressing, hair cutting, teaching, entertainment, driving, nursing. All right. Other activity is car washing. Car washing. Those are services and they may be mental or physical. Like washing a car is more of physical and doesn't mean that the one washing does not use a mind. No, there's an element of mental because for you to take soap and wipe on the vehicle you need your mind has to tell you to do that. So, but is more of physical most of the time you can do it without thinking what you are doing. Okay. Does not need much concentration like like teaching like uh nursing and so on. So these are services. I've given examples of services. Hairdressing, teaching, nursing, driving, car washing, entertainment and so on. So these are categories of business activities. Categories of business activities. Number one is extraction. Number two processing. Number three manufacturing. Number four construction. Number five distribution. Number six services. I've explained and given examples. For example, here under services, I gave examples of uh teaching. An examples, one example is teaching. Another one we said uh driving these activities. Another one we said hairdressing. hairdressing. Haird dressing. We gave examples uh another example like um entertainment. Enterainment when you entertain people that is a service. If you are a comedian for example, comedians entertain people. Musicians entertain people. Dancers when you dance, that is a service. You are not offering any any product. When you dance, that's a service. When people watch you dance, they are entertained. That is entertainment. When you are driving, for example, you run a taxi. Taxi, you are a taxi driver. You are failing people or driving people from point A to point B. You are not offering goods. It's a service. They pay you for transporting them from point A to point B. Services. When you go to a salon and you are you cut your hair, it's called hair cutting. When your hair is cut, that is a service. The one who cuts the hair is not giving you anything in terms of it tangible. Nothing tangible but is a service. Okay. Hair dressing when someone teaches you. Okay. Is a is offering a service. So teaching is a business activity because the the one who is being taught pays for it. The teacher is paid for teaching so that he can also get profit. Okay, we've given examples very many of them. Car washing is a service is a service. Then um distribution, we've said distribution. Under distribution, we're talking of trade. Buying and selling goods. buying and selling goods. Transporting goods from point A to point B. This is trade. Buying buying and selling goods. Buying and selling goods like clothes, vegetables, uh and so on. Operating shops to distribute goods. Those are activities under construction. We've mentioned um uh different activities under construction. This is a category is a is a under under construction. There are various activities such as construction of ships. [snorts] We mentioned construction of ships. Construction of ships. Construction of of roads. Construction of roads. We talked about construction of of bridges. Bridges. We mentioned construction of um houses. Okay. Houses. These are examples. Under construction category, you can construct ships, you can construct airplanes, you can construct roads, you can construct houses, bridges and so on. There are people engage in business of constructing ships, constructing airplanes, constructing roads, constructing bridges, constructing houses and so on. Then under manufacturing, we mentioned many activities under manufacturing. Number one, bread making. We gave an example bread making, cement, cement uh cement manufacturing, bread making, uh cement making, car manufacturing, car manufacturing, car manufacturing and so on. car manufacturing and so on. Processing we talked about we say that under processing the activities involved under processing are those that involve conversion of raw materials into more useful goods. Processing is the conversion of raw materials into more useful goods. We gave example of mailing flinging flour milling. Okay. It may be wheat flour or maze flour or millet flour or cava flour or so flour or any flour that we use. When you mill it then we say you've processed. Okay. We talked of also conversion of iron into steel. Iron is a raw material. Iron into steel. When you convert iron into steel then we say that is a processing activity. Processing activity. We talked of also turning of skins. Turning of skins. We mentioned turning of skins and and hides. Turning turning double N of skins and hides. Turning of skins and hides. Turning of skins and hides. When you convert skins into leather. Okay. When you turn skin, that means you're converting it from its raw form into leather. We also mentioned refining oil that's processing. When you refine oil, crude oil to refined oil, then you are processing. You are doing what? Processing. That is a processing uh activity. Then uh what about extraction? We gave examples of extraction of uh of uh uh of natural resources. Extraction is done when natural resources are converted. Okay. When natural resources are extracted, not converted but extracted when natural when natural resources are are extracted from the earth. Extracted from the earth. And we gave examples of extra extraction activities like like uh like quaring. Okay. Quarrying. We gave example of quaring. We also gave example of fishing. Quarrying. Uh fishing. We talked of uh lumbering. Okay. mining and so on. When you get minerals from the earth then we say you are mining that is an extraction activity. So mining quaring quaring fishing and so on. So these are activities that we discussed today. Business activities there are 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 six. We've discussed six activities. Six activities. One extraction. Two processing. Three manufacturing. Four, construction. Five, services. Six distribution. Do you have any question learners? If you have any query, please you are free to ask your questions. Below this video, there is a comment section where you can post your questions and all your questions will be answered. Uh that will effectively mark the end of our today's lesson. But before we take the break, I'm going to give you assignment. This is your assignment. I'm going to write your assignment here on the board. Assignment. I want you to identify. Identify the business activities in your locality. Identify the business or let me say the businesses. Identify the businesses found within your locality. and group them. and group and group them into the six categories of business activities. Your locality learners. The assignment is identify the business the businesses found within your locality and group them into the six categories of business activities. Your locality means where you live. Look around where you live. Identify the businesses found where you live. You list all of them. If it is butchery, if it is supermarket, salon, okay? Um we have uh uh kiosk, list all of them. Okay. Hardware, all the businesses within your locality. then group them into the six business activities that we have discussed today. That is your assignment. Thank you for uh joining at today's learning session. 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