LLMOrbit: A Circular Taxonomy of Large Language Models -From Scaling Walls to Agentic AI Systems

arXiv:2601.14053v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The field of artificial intelligence has undergone a revolution from foundational Transformer architectures to reasoning-capable systems approaching human-level performance. We present LLMOrbit, a comprehensive circular taxonomy navigating the landscape of large language models spanning 2019-2025. This survey examines over 50 models across 15 organizations through eight interconnected orbital dimensions, documenting architectural innovati