LeetCode 269: Alien Dictionary — Step-by-Step Visual Trace

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Learn to determine the order of letters in an alien alphabet given a list of sorted words, and return the alien dictionary as a string.

intermediate Published 9 Apr 2026
Action Steps
  1. Read the list of words from the alien language and create a graph to store the relationships between letters.
  2. Build a directed graph where each node represents a letter and each edge represents a relationship between two letters.
  3. Apply topological sorting to the graph to determine the order of letters in the alien alphabet.
  4. Test the resulting order to ensure it is valid and consistent with the input words.
  5. Return the alien dictionary as a string, or an empty string if no valid order exists.
Who Needs to Know This

This problem benefits software engineers and developers who work with graph algorithms and string manipulation, as it requires analyzing the relationships between words to deduce the alphabet order.

Key Insight

💡 The key to solving this problem is to recognize that the relationships between words can be represented as a directed graph, and then apply topological sorting to find the valid order of letters.

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🚀 Determine the order of letters in an alien alphabet from a list of sorted words! 🤖

Key Takeaways

Learn to determine the order of letters in an alien alphabet given a list of sorted words, and return the alien dictionary as a string.

Full Article

Given a list of words from an alien language sorted lexicographically, determine the order of letters in the alien alphabet. Return the alien dictionary as a string, or empty string if no valid order exists.
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